《三国演义》中的谋士书写及其文化心态补论

Writing of Counselors in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Supplementary Comments on Its Cultural Mentality

《三国演义》中的谋士"出山"有"三顾茅庐"型、"举荐—征聘"型与主动干谒型三种模式,三个层次的"出山"叙述不仅流露了文人长久以来的"帝师梦",也表现出中下层知识分子渴望变泰发迹的群体心理。小说中的"择主"叙述具有看似矛盾却又并行不悖的"忠义"与"识时"双重态度。小说对易主谋士智慧的凸显,正是对其"忠义"瑕疵在叙述上的遮蔽。谋士到文臣的身份转型形成了《三国演义》中谋士书写的侧重智慧还是忠节、是举重若轻还是充满"无力感"的前后两种不同的价值取向与叙事形态。

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there are three kinds of narration about an counselor＇ s ＂getting out the mountain＂： three recommendations, recommendation-recruitment and active chase, which not only reveal scholars＇ dream to be a leader＇ s teacher, also shows the middle and lower intellectuals＇ group mind to become successful. The narration on ＂selecting a master＂, seemingly contradictory, reflects scholars＇ dual attitudes of ＂loyalty＂ and ＂foresight＂. That the novel highlights the wisdom of the counselor who changed a master is to con- ceal its ＂loyalty＂ in the narration. The transformation of the counselor from an adviser to a civilian official brought two different values and narrative into being： wisdom or loyalty; in a very easy manner or full of inability？