短跑运动员的速度素质及其训练

The Speed Quality and Its Training of Sprinters

文章运用文献资料、专家访谈、逻辑分析等研究方法,对短跑运动员的速度素质及其训练方法进行了分析与探讨。速度素质作为人体基本运动能力,对许多运动项目的竞技表现都具有重要意义。虽然速度素质主要源自遗传,但速度素质的发展还受动作技术、力量、协调性、灵活性、耐力等影响,具有可训练性以及提升的潜力。速度素质主要表现为反应速度、启动速度、停止速度、最大速度、速度耐力和灵敏性。每种速度都可以通过合适的训练方法予以改进,在改进的过程中需要练习者具备强大的意志力和关注力,以便最大程度地发挥神经肌肉系统的功能。对短跑运动员而言,反应速度、动作速度、位移速度和最大速度是决定运动水平的关键,本文对这些速度类型进行了详细介绍,并提出了一些有针对性的训练建议,包括重复训练、分解训练、感官感觉训练、交替训练、减难训练、加难训练、时限训练和增强式训练。这些训练方法非常适用短跑运动员的速度素质训练,但只有在实践中科学合理地运用才能带来良好的效果。

Based on the methods of literature, expert interview and logic analysis, the speed quality and training methods of sprinters are analyzed and discussed. As the basic motor ability, the speed quality has enormous significance for success in many sports. Although the speed quality is mainly derived from the genetic, the speed quality-development is also affected by the action technology, strength, coordination, flexibility, endurance and other factors, with the potential of training and enhancement. Speed quality mainly refers to the reaction speed, start speed, stop speed, maxinmnl speed, speed endurance and agility. Each speed can be improved by appropriate training methods, in the process of improving the need for practitioners have a strong willpower and attention in order to maximize the function of the neuromuscular system. For the sprinters, the reaction speed, the speed of action, the speed of displacement and the maximum speed are the key to determine the level of movement. In this paper, the speed types are described in detail, and some targeted training suggestions are put forward, including repeated training, decomposition - training, sensory training, alternate training, difficulty - increasing training, difficulty decreasing training, time -limited training and plyometrie training. These training methods are very suitable for the speed training of sprinters only through scientific and rational use in practice.