国家统治条款体系化解释面临的困难——从《监察法(草案)》合宪性之争揭示的政治哲学问题谈起

The Difficulties Faced by the Systematic Interpretation of the National Ruling Clauses and Their Solutions:From the Political Philosophical Issues Revealed by the Constitutionality Debate About the “Supervision Law(Draft) ”

"八二"宪法文本蕴含一个由结构性的国体条款—基本权利条款—政体条款组成的三重结构。总纲中以国体条款为首的四个政治性条款涉及我国国家政治统治的总体原则,类似"总则"的这四个条款与类似"分则"的第三章国家机构共同组成我国宪法的"国家统治条款",第二章构成宪法的"基本权利目录"。2017年以来围绕监察委建制展开的合宪性讨论揭示了我国宪法三重结构中若干关键性规范之间的内部体系张力。根据体系化解释思维,使"基本权利条款"与"政体条款"内部位阶变得复杂的规范根源是"国体条款",对国体条款政治哲学内涵的分析有助于学理上深入思考国家统治条款体系化解释的价值基准。从修宪后总纲的实证情况看,我国宪法既有三重结构的内部体系格局没有实质变化。如何进行国家统治条款体系化解释才能确保宪法权威,依旧需要学界在方法论与价值论两个层面进行理论探索。

The text of the 1982 constitution contains a three-tiered structure consisting of structural state system clauses,basic rights clauses and polity clauses. The four political clauses headed by the clause of the state system of the People＇ s Republic of China relate to the general principle of our country＇ s political rule. These four clauses that are similar to the ＂General Principle＂and the third chapter that is similar to the ＂Division ＂ constitute the ＂national rule clause ＂ in constitution. Chapter 2 constitutes the ＂ Catalogue of Basic Rights＂ of the Constitution. The constitutional discussion on the establishment of the supervision committee system since 2017 reveals the internal system tension among certain key norms in the triple structure of the Chinese constitution. According to the systematic interpretation of thinking, the normative source of the complexity of the internal levels of the＂fundamental rights clause＂and the＂political clause＂is the＂state system clause. ＂The analysis of the political philosophical connotations of the state system clause contributes to the theoretical thinking of the value benchmark for systematic interpretation of the national rule clause. In view of the empirical situation after the revision of the constitution,there is no substantial change in the internal system structure of our country＇ s constitution,which has a triple structure. How to carry out the systematic interpretation of the national rule clauses to guarantee the authority of the constitution is still to be explored theoretically by academic circles from methodology and value theory.