作为皇权思想的董仲舒历史哲学

DONG Zhong-shu's philosophy of history as imperial ideology

董仲舒的《公羊》学产生了一套思辨历史哲学,本质上是一种皇权思想,与现实政治密不可分。为研究作为皇权思想的董仲舒历史哲学,运用文献分析法,从4个方面分析其历史哲学产生的时代背景。研究认为,董仲舒的《公羊》学具有3个特点:提出天命—神意史观,以天人合一的宇宙论解释历史发展的决定性力量,以君权神授说论证皇权合法性;提出王朝的三统循环的历史规律,将君王上升到历史主体的地位,认为皇权永恒;提出历史变易理论,呼应政治变革。从董仲舒以"三统"说和"大一统"说相配合、相交织的历史哲学是在西汉皇权巩固与扩张的政治背景下形成的,对比同时代罗马帝国未能产生高度系统化历史哲学的情形,这一点更明显。董仲舒历史哲学本质上是一种服务于现实政治的皇权思想,既论证了皇权统治合法性,又为当时皇权政治的发展与政治变革提供了理论依据。

DONG Zhong shu＇ s Gongyang interpretation developed a set of speculative philosophy of history, the essence of which was an imperial ideology intertwined with political conditions at that time. To study DONG Zhong shu＇s philosophy as an imperial ideology, this article employed literature survey method and analyzed the historical background for the origin of his philosophy from 4 aspects. This study holds that DONG＇s Gongyang interpretation has 3 features： he raised a historical view subject to heavenly mandate, explaining the determining factors for historical development through a heaven people unity perspective, and justified the validity of imperial power as a divine will from heaven; he raised the circulative rule called ＂three unifications＂, putting emperors at the center of history and argued that imperial powers last forever; he also raised the view of a changeable history to echo with development of political reforms. DONG＇ s philosophy of history, combining ＂three unifications＂ with the ＂grand unification＂ theory, was generated along with the consolidation and expansion of the imperial power of West Han Dynasty. This is especially true compared with the contemporaneous Roman Empire, which by contrast did not have a highly systemized view of history. In nature, DONG Zhong shu^s philosophy of history was an imperial ideology that served the political objectives for the period, justifying the legitimacy of imperial governance as well as paving the theoretical foundation for the development of imperial power and political reforms