政治控制与个人自由的保障——对韦伯官僚制理论的一种解读

Political Control and Guarantee of Individual Freedom——An interpretation of Weber's bureaucracy theory

以向官僚制进步为衡量标准的国家现代化已不可阻挡,但社会的普遍理性化所造成的官僚组织作为一特权地位阶层存在还导致了一个结果:官僚组织通过对自由意识的禁锢、对官职的垄断,逐渐超越一切政治组织力量的控制而成为一权力群体,并改串政治角色而严重僭越了政治家的功能,引发伦理丧失,进而导致社会政治意识混乱。韦伯对于自由乃人之本性的论断深信不疑,故而提出了官僚组织在社会占支配地位情况下的个人自由保障问题,实质则是如何实现官僚制与民主制的有机统一。韦伯给出的答案则是实现对官员统治的政治控制。对此,他提出重构国家公民概念、普及平等选举权,促进议会政治的成熟,推行政治家负责任的政治等三项措施。

The modernization of a country which is measured by the progress of bureaucracy is irresistible. However,the privileged position of bureaucracy class,caused by social universal rationalization,results,at the same time,in an outcome by means of imprisonment of free consciousness and monopoly of official position,that is,the bureaucracy organizations are surpassing every kind of political organization＇s control and becoming a power group,tampering political roles and arrogating the functions of politicians,which triggers loss of ethics and even leads to chaos of social and political consciousness. Weber believes firmly in the conclusion that freedom is the fundamental nature of people. Therefore,he raises the problems about the guarantee of individual freedom under a society dominated by bureaucracy organizations,which in nature is a problem about how to achieve organic unity of bureaucracy and democracy. Solution to the problem given by Weber is the political control of officials. For this part,he puts forward three measures including restructuring the definition of citizens and popularizing equal rights to vote,facilitating the perfection of parliamentarism,and pursuing responsible politics of politicians.