古代淀粉遗存反映的新石器中期华北平原北部旱作农业发展状况——以河北阳原姜家梁遗址为例

ANCIENT STARCH REVEALS MILLET FARMING IN NORTHERN PART OF THE NORTH CHINA PLAIN DURING MID-TERM NEOLITHIC PERIOD： A CASE STUDY OF THE JIANGJIALIANG SITE

中国北方是以粟（Setaria italica）、黍（Panicum miliaceum）两种作物为主的旱作农业起源地，60多处考古遗址发现的粟类植物大植物遗存或微体植物遗存显示，新石器时代中期华北平原北部粟作农业研究相对单薄。文章利用淀粉粒分析方法，对华北平原北部新石器中期姜家梁遗址房址（7706±77 cal.a B.P.）出土的3件磨盘和3件磨棒表层残留物进行了淀粉粒分析，共提取到128颗来自粟类植物、小麦族（the tribe Triticeae）及块根块茎类植物的淀粉粒。综合利用现代及模拟实验中粟类植物淀粉粒的鉴定标准，6件器物表层残留物中的粟类淀粉粒至少有9.6%具有野生特征（褶皱表面和粗糙边缘）；粟淀粉粒（粒径 ≥ 16.8 μm）的比例为52.8%。对比周边开展过类似研究的新石器早期河北南庄头（11500~11000 cal.a B.P.）、北京东胡林（11150~9450 cal.a B.P.）和转年（〉10000 cal.a B.P.）遗址、新石器中期西辽河地区敖汉营子东和敖汉营子西遗址（8200~7400 a B.P.）、河北磁山遗址（约8000~7000 a B.P.）出土磨盘和磨棒表层残留物中粟类淀粉粒，发现：1）从南庄头遗址到姜家梁遗址具备野生特征粟类植物淀粉粒比例逐渐下降，显示粟类植物不断被驯化；2）姜家梁房址内粟淀粉粒仅比敖汉营子东和敖汉营子西遗址低，比例最低者为转年遗址，该现象可能与粟类淀粉粒样品数量、鉴定指标以及不同时间和地域古人类选择利用植物种类差异等因素相关。本研究为深入了解姜家梁遗址及华北平原北部地区植物利用情况及粟类植物的驯化过程提供了新的证据。

It is generally believed that foxtail millet（Setaria italica） and broomcorn millet（Panicum miliaceum） were domesticated in North China. Currently, based on the evidences from both macro and micro plant remains recovered from more than sixty archaeological sites, the agricultural structure in the Neolithic North China Plain is clear, except the northern part during mid-term Neolithic Period. Here we report the study based on starch residues recovered from three slabs and three mullers excavated from a house foundation（7706±77 cal.a B.P.） at the Jiangjialiang site（40°12＇N, 114°17＇E） of Yangyuan County, Hebei Province. In total, 128 starch grains were identified, including millets（n=104）, the tribe Triticeae（n=13）, and roots and tubers（n=6） as well. In terms of the classifications of modern millets and simulation experiments, the proportion of millet starch grains with wrinkled surfaces and rough edges, which are diagnostic of wild millet grasses, was 9.6%. Millet starch grains measuring 〉16.8 μm, a size zone recorded only in domesticated foxtail millet（Setaria italica）, was 52.8%. The results were compared with the results from the Nanzhuangtou（11500~11000 cal. a B.P.） and Cishan sites（ca. 8000~7000 a B.P.）in Hebei Province, the Donghulin（11150~9450 cal. a B.P.） and Zhuannian（〉10000 cal. a B.P.） sites in Beijing, the Aohanyingzidong and Aohanyingzixi sites（8200~7400 a B.P.） in Inner Mongolia. The proportions of wild millet starch grains gradually declined from Nanzhuangtou site（38.0%） to Jiangjialiang site（9.6%）, indicating the millets were constantly domesticated in North China. Whereas the proportions of foxtail millet in Jiangjialiang site were only higher that of Aohanyingzidong and Aohanyingzixi sites（57.5%）, meanwhile the lowest proportion appeared in Zhuannian site（27.9%）, which probably related to the number and identification of foxtail millet starches or the different millet utilization during the Neolithic period in North China Plain. These results are significant for understanding the process of plant resource utilization and millet domestication in Jiangjialiang site and northern North China Plain.