默克尔时代的大联合政府——德国“大联合国家”治理模式的衰落

German Politics in Merkel’s Times:The Decline of the Grand Coalition State

德国国家治理体系的成熟和稳定的标志，就是融合了宪政民主、政党国家、多层治理等多重治理逻辑的“大联合国家”治理模式。在宪政民主的框架之下，政党政治和国家治理在冲突碰撞的过程中走向融合协调，构建起了以朝野合作和央地合作为特征的弱竞争民主。但是，在默克尔时代，德国政治困境的关键是大联合政府与“大联合国家”之间的张力关系。自默克尔执政以来，大联合政府走向常态化和“总统化”，打破了多重治理逻辑之间的制衡格局的同时，也造成了政党体系的深度碎片化，瓦解了作为“大联合国家”治理秩序根基的“中间道路”共识。

The governance model of contemporary Germany has been labeled the grand coalition state, which is bolstered by the triplex logics of constitutional democracy, party state, and multiple governance. In the framework of constitutional democracy, the logic of party state and the logic of multiple governance are tightly interlocked with each other. Through decades of development, German democratic governance has established itself as weak competitive democracy transcending the Anglo - Saxonian strong competition between governing and opposition parties. Under Angela Merkel＇s presidentialized chancellorship since 2005, howev- er, the grand coalition state model has been threatened by the government model of grand coalition as the dominant alternative to form the federal government. It is therefore the very balance of the triple logics of the grand coalition state that has been disinte- grated. Particularly, the German party system has been deeply fragmented to the extent that the political consensus over the mid- dle way underpinning the grand coalition state now sees the crisis of collapse.