江户时期《尘劫记》中的计量文化研究

A Study of the Culture of Metrology in Jinkōki of the Edo Period

江户初期学者吉田光由所著《尘劫记》一书,是日本历史上的划时代著作,堪称日本传统数学的肇始之作。其内容不仅涉及诸多中国古代传统数学,尤其和中国传统计量有很深的渊源。从《尘劫记》的成书历程和序言就可以看出其渊源。书中的不少算题涉及中国不同时期的计量内容。从秦汉、两晋南北朝,一直到明代的中国古代税制以及与度量衡单位相关的计量内容出现在不同的算题中。书中不仅有大量与中国传统计量相关的问题,还有明显日本特色的算题。对这些算题进行详细研究,分析其内容,不仅可以辨明传日的中国古代税制和传统计量,也可以了解江户时期日本使用的计量与中国计量之间的不同之处。通过对《尘劫记》中计量内容的全面考察,既能了解中国传统计量的重要性,又可以发现日本接受中国传统计量并在此基础上发展本国计量的历史脉络。

The Jinkōki by Yoshida Mitsuyoshi,a scholar of the Edo Period,is an epochmaking and innovative work in the history of Japan.It involves a substantial amount of traditional Chinese mathematics,and relates to traditional metrology in an especially original way.A study of the process by which the book and its preface were written indicated that the book also concerned the traditional Chinese metrology.Many mathematical questions in the book concerned Chinese metrology in different historical times.Ancient tax systems and the measuring processes that used different units of measurement from the Qin Dynasty,the Han Dynasty,and the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Ming Dynasty were found in various mathematical problems,some of which were not only related to the traditional Chinese metrology,but also revealed well-defined Japanese features.A detailed study and analysis of these mathematical questions can facilitate the understanding of China＇s ancient tax system and the traditional measurement practices imported into Japan,as well as learning about the differences between measurement practices in the Edo Period in Japan and those used in China.This paper also discusses the profound influence of traditional Chinese measurement calculation on the Japanese commercial economy in the Edo Period,particularly the use of the abacus for calculation.This discussion will be conducive to the understanding of the importance of traditional Chinese measurement practices and the development of Japanese traditional measurement practices based on those from China.