界说与方法——夏代信史考古学重建的途径

Definition and Method: On the Trajectory to Re-construct the Xia Dynasty through Archaeology

广义夏文化指的是夏王朝文化，狭义夏文化则指夏后氏的文化。在当前的夏文化研究中，研究者常常忽视和模糊了夏文化的族属主体，混淆了广义和狭义层面的夏文化，由此造成了概念和认识上的混乱。对于“夏文化”内涵的理解，又进一步关系到探索夏文化的方法论问题。研究夏文化的方法，主要有都邑推定法和文化比较法两种。以文化比较法为基础，从时间、空间和文化面貌三方面综合分析，可知龙山时期“禹域”内第一核心区的王湾类型和煤山类型的晚期阶段系狭义的夏文化，而第二和第三核心区内的诸考古学遗存的晚期阶段则可归入广义夏文化范畴；二里头文化在主体上应属于夏文化。由此，河南龙山文化的煤山类型、王湾类型和二里头文化一至四期共同组成了完整的狭义夏文化。

The Xia culture in a broad sense refers to the culture of the Xia dynasty, which, in a narrow sense, should be the culture of the Xiahou lineage. Scholars have frequently neglected the core of the related ethnieity, or confused the Xia culture at different levels, which result in a series of misunderstandings. The methods to study the Xia culture include the capital-centered method and the culture-comparison method. The later one shows that the Wangwan sub-culture and the Meishan sub-culture, in their late period, equal to the Xia culture in the narrow sense, while their adjacent cultures should be the Xia culture in a broad sense. The Erlitou culture is mainly the Xia culture. The Meishan sub-culture and the Wangwan sub-culture of the Henan Longshan culture, together with the entire Erlitou culture, constitute the complete Xia culture in a narrow sense.