张君劢与“阳明学”的旅行

Carsun Chang and the Traveling of Yangmingism

张君劢是现代新儒家的代表人物之一，晚年致力于儒家哲学的建构与弘扬，尤为推重阳明学。他对阳明学的研究在跨文化的视角中展开，重视其理论在旅行中的变形与影响。通过中日比较，张君劢一方面肯定了日本阳明学“长于事功”，批评了中国阳明学“陷于枯禅”，强调了阳明学在政治改革中的作用；另一方面又希望中国阳明学能补日本“短于理论”的缺陷，发展出具有现代学术形态的哲学理论。然而，在他的具体阐释中，无论谈论日本还是涉及中国，西方理论始终是无所不在的参照系。在阳明学的理论创新中，张君劢用“理性主义”解读孟子的学说，用“唯心主义”改造禅宗的内涵，又将二者看作阳明学的两大理论来源，共同构成了“中国的直觉主义”哲学体系。张君劢的这种建构是用西方理论阐释和剪裁儒家传统的结果，是一种“自我的他者化”。由此，现代新儒学在“走向世界”过程中的权力关系值得反思和警惕。

Carsun Chang is one of the representatives of New Confucianism. In his late years he devoted himself to the construction and promotion of Confucian philosophy with particular emphasis on Yangmingism. His study explored Yangmingism from a cross-cultural perspective and focused on the theoretical transformation and influence on its travel between China and Japan. In the comparison of the two, on the one hand, he showed his affirmative attitude towards the practical apprehension in Japan, criticized the trend of withered Zen in China, and emphasized its role in political reform; on the other hand, he expressed his expectation that Chinese Yangmingism should play a complementary role in Japanese one as the latter was weak in theory. He attempted to develop Yangmingism into a philosophical theory in modern academic form. Nevertheless, in the elaboration on the two, western theories can be seen in all his works. In his theoretical innovation, Carsun Chang employed ＂rationalism＂ to interpret Mencius idea, ＂idealism＂ to transform Zen＇ s connotation and took the two as the major theoretical sources of Yangmingism, aiming to construct Chinese intuitionism. Such construction is indeed self-othering, it is the result of tailoring and interpreting Confucian tradition according to the western theories. The power relations of New Confucianism in the advance towards the world are supposed to draw our reflective and vigilant attention.