哈萨克斯坦水环境与水资源现状及问题分析

Water environment and water resource use issues of Kazakhstan

水是最重要的自然资源之一,水资源的可利用量取决于自然条件和人为因素两个方面。亚洲中部干旱区水资源有限,近年来河湖萎缩、生态环境系统退化,已成为区域社会经济持续发展的瓶颈。以丝绸之路经济带沿线国家之一哈萨克斯坦内按照水资源需求程度划分的八大流域作为研究区,在进行各个流域水质及水资源现状特征分析的基础上,通过径流占比、人为影响程度以及水资源需求程度等3项指标分别对八大流域水资源进行综合评估,并采用可变模糊优选模型评价哈萨克斯坦境内不同流域人类活动对水资源的影响程度,对八大流域进行轻微、中等和显著等3个影响程度的等级划分。结果表明:人类活动对锡尔河—咸海及伊希姆河流域水资源以及水环境的影响程度处于显著水平,而且前者流域水质污染问题较为严重;乌拉尔河—里海流域的地表径流占比最高,但该区域因大量油气资源开发对水资源需求量非常高,处于危险等级。巴尔喀什湖—阿拉湖流域的用水需求处于临界程度,属于第三类(处于危重程度)。额尔齐斯河流域水储量最为丰富,但流域中游哈萨克斯坦境内矿产开发引起的水质污染严重。另外,近几十年来哈萨克斯坦地表径流变化分析表明,1965年以来年总径流量减少39.4 km^3,其中跨境径流量减少23 km^3,境内径流减少16.5 km^3。近年虽然灌溉面积和工业活动减少,年均耗水量也有所减少,但是人口增长导致公共服务和生活等方面耗水量增加2.58 km^3,区域水资源供需矛盾日益凸显。因此,需要综合考虑各国利益和整个区域社会经济与生态环境的和谐可持续发展,共同商定水资源开发利用及保护的措施。

Water is one of the most important natural resource and its availability depends on both natural conditions and human factors. Water resources are imminently limited in the arid regions of Central Asia, continuing rivers and lakes shrunk and degradation of ecosystem have become and intensified the threat of sustainable social and economic development, in recent years. In this paper, we comprehensively evaluated the water resources of total eight river basins of Kazakhstan （one of the countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt） with three indica- tors including runoff proportion, anthropogenic impact and water resources demand degree, by analyzing the present situation of water quality and water resources first. The variable optimization modeling based method was used to evaluate the impacts of human activities on water resources in different basins, then the eight river basins were divided into slightly, moderately and significantly affected levels by human activities, accordingly. The results indicating that human activities have a significant impact on the water resources and water environment of the Aral-Syrdarya and Esil River basins, and pollution of the Aral-Syrdarya Basin is more severe; The Zhaiyk- Caspian River basin has the highest surface runoff, however, it stays at risk level due to the very high degree of water demand from the exploration of oil and gas resources within basin. The Balkash-Alakol Basin is characterized by a critical degree of water demand, and it belongs to the third category of water demand. Ertis River basin has the richest water reserves, but serious water pollution caused by mineral development in the middle reaches of the basin. Addition analysis of changes on surface runoffs in Kazakhstan in recent decades shows that the annual total runoff decreased by 39.4 km^3 since 1965, of which the transboundary runoff and the local runoff reduced by 23 km^3 and 16.5 km^3, respectively. In recent years, the average annual water consumption has decreased due to the consequently decreased irrigated area and industrial activity. However, population growth has led to an increase of 2.58 km^3 in water consumption for communal services and other needs. The contradiction between water supply and demand for regional water resources still continuingly prominent. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the interests of all countries, harmonious and sustainable development in the socioeconomicand ecological environment of the whole regions, and jointlyagreed measures for the development and protection of water resources. At the last, several exploration and management proposals were proposed by aiming at the current status and existing problems of water resources and water environment of Kazakhstan, and the feature demand of global warming adapting, sustainable social and economic development and ecology environment protection. The proposed proposals are implementation of transnational water resource management strategy, water environment restoration project, intensity scientific propaganda and education, increase public environmental awareness, build water-efficient society and national economic development system, enhance dynamic water resource monitoring and investigation of spatial distribution pattern of lake-river basin water environment factors etc.