狂热的魔咒 理性的自负——《自由·平等·博爱》读后及对刑法学研究方法的反思

Fanaticism of the Glamour and Conceit of Rationalism Curse:Book Review of“Liberty,Equality and Fraternity”and Rethinking Research Approach for Criminal Law

斯蒂芬在《自由·平等·博爱》一书中对民主社会这三大信条进行了严词批驳。在他看来,自由是有秩序的自由,平等是法律之下的平等,而博爱则是一种与自由社会不相容的价值。穆勒式的自我防卫自由观太过简化,可能物极必反走向奴役;自由依赖于合理的强制,过分地取消对自由的限制不是促进自由,而是扼杀自由;自由只具有工具性价值,本身并不具有内在的价值。平等的实际意义只是法律之下的平等。这种平等要求法本身是正义的。如果法律没有超验的权威,那么法治就是一句空话,自由也无法得到保障。博爱不容于自由,穆勒的观点在人性观、历史观、实践上都是错误的。斯蒂芬并非崇拜权力的威权主义,其保守主义立场也不是因循守旧的代名词。作为刑法学者,斯蒂芬的理论值得中国刑法学界倾听,它可以让我们反思犯罪论中法益理论和刑罚论中的人道主义。我们必须认识到任何人造的体系都是有缺陷的,理论的不完美是必然的,总有一些知识在体系之外。

In the book ＂Liberty,Equality,Fraternity＂,James Fitzjames Stephen gave severe criticisms to the three major tenets of a democratic society. From his point of view,liberty is well-ordered liberty,equality is equality under the law and fraternity is the value that is incompatible with free society. John Stuart Mill＇s oversimplified view of self-defense may lead to slavery. The realization of liberty depends on the utilization of reasonable compulsory means,while excessively removing restrictions from liberty may not promote liberty,but to destroy it. The concept of liberty only possesses instrumental value but not intrinsic value. The practical meaning of equality is only equality under the law,which requires the justice of the law in itself. If the law does not have metempirical authority,the law and order will be merely empty words and liberty will never be guaranteed. The concept of fraternity is contradicted to freedom,and Mill＇s views are wrong from humanity,historical and practical perspectives. Stephen is not an authoritarian who worship power,and his conservatism position is different from that of conformism. The theory of Stephen as a criminal law scholar,calls for careful examination by China＇s criminal law professions. His theory allows us to reflect on the legal interest in the theory of criminology and humanitarian in the theory of punishment. We must realize that any man-made system suffers from deficiency,the imperfection of theory is inevitable,and there is always some knowledge exist outside the ideological system.