西夏农村家庭生计问题述论

A Review on Livelihood of the Country Families in Xixia

该文以黑水城社会文书、西夏法典和传世文献互相印证,对西夏农村家庭的生计问题进行讨论。一般农村家庭土地数量在40—100亩左右。为耕作方便,农户可通过买卖或租地方式将分块土地进行整合,其实际土地量因土地自由买卖呈现动态变化。一般农户拥有2—3头左右的大型牲畜,基本可以满足农耕需求;农具多种多样,但铁质农具一般需要购买。家庭收入以小麦、大麦等粮食为主,亩产约0. 9石;家庭支出则主要有赋税支出和日常生活支出。总体而言,西夏农村家庭的生活水平处于中下水平。

The paper discuss the livelihood of country families in Xixia, which focus on the Khara-khoto documents, meanwhile, confirming the Xixia Code and Historical literature each other. In common condition, there were about 40-100 mu arable land in a country family, for ploughing efficiently, farmers could deal or rent out their land, as the land transactions freely, the actual number of agricultural acreage was dynamical. A common family had 2-3 livestock that could satisfy their needs; they had varied tools, and the irons had to buy. Crops were their main income, which contained wheat and barley that was 0.9 dan per mu ; taxation and overheads were their expenditure. In general, the life standard of country families was in low and middle level in Xixia.