水稻分子模块设计研究成果与展望

Achievements and Prospect of Designer Breeding by Molecular Modules in Rice

我国已有8 000年以上的禾谷类作物栽培历史,相关的育种知识对全球产生了重要影响。20世纪90年代我国作为发起国之一,参与了"国际水稻基因组计划",相继完成了粳稻第4号染色体的测序和籼稻"93-11"基因组精细图谱,并在科技部"973"项目水稻功能基因组的支持下,水稻重要农艺性状解析取得了长足的进展。中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)"分子模块设计育种创新体系"以水稻为抓手,通过高产、稳产、优质、高效等复杂性状的分子模块解析,探索建立分子模块设计育种技术体系,以带动小麦、大豆、鱼类等动植物复杂性状的解析和设计育种技术发展。经过近5年努力,建立了水稻种质资源库和基因组数据库,获得了一批有重要育种价值的分子模块,在水稻高产优质协同改良、感受与抵御低温、广谱持久抗病与产量平衡、氮高效利用、高产性状杂种优势机制等方面取得了有重要国际影响力的成果,分子模块设计育种技术体系得到实验验证。相关成果入选2015年和2017年"中国生命科学十大进展",2016年"中国科学十大进展",入选2017年国家自然科学奖一等奖。发挥了中国科学院在水稻等作物基础研究和技术研发等领域的引领作用。

Cultivation of cereal crops including rice,started in China over 8000 years ago,and Chinese knowledge of crop breeding has great impact on cereal production of the whole world. As of the early 1990 s,scientists from Chinese Academy of Sciences（CAS）,representing China as one of the sponsor countries,joined the International Rice Genome Project and were in charge of sequencing Chromosome 4 of ＂geng＂ rice and the whole genome of ＂xian＂ rice 93-11,which marked the beginning of the serial efforts from Chinese plant science community to develop rice into a model crop/plant to study genomic and molecular basis underlying complex traits. As a grand effort to translate and assemble the knowledge and know-hows gained from the basic research into crop breeding,CAS launched a national programme called the Innovation System of Designer Breeding by Molecular Modules five years ago. The programme used rice as a model crop to dissect molecular modules controlling complex traits including yield,yield stability,grain quality,and crop nutrient use efficiency,study the coupling and interactions of the molecular modules,and develop molecular module-based designer breeding systems. The programme also aimed to set rice as a reference to promote the study of complex traits and designer breeding of other related crops and animals such as wheat,soybean,and fish. Through collaborative researches and coherent team work,the programme has built up shared national rice germplasm libraries and genomic databases,dissected a series of molecular modules applicable in designer breeding,and established theoretic framework for simultaneous improvement of both yield and quality traits,cold perception and resistance,balance between broad spectrum durable disease resistance and yield,nitrogen use efficiency,as well as heterosis of yield traits. Such achievements further experimentally validated the concept of Designer Breeding by Molecular Modules. The importance of these achievements were highlighted by the winning of the top ten advances of Chinese Life Sciences in 2015 and 2017,the top ten advances of Chinese Sciences in 2016,and the First Prize of National Natural Science Award in 2017,respectively.