坚持土肥高效管理 促进区域农田生态系统可持续发展

Efficient Management on Soil and Fertilizer to Promote Sustainable Development of Local Agro-ecosystems in Liaohe Plain,China

辽河平原是我国温带农田生态系统的重要组成部分,辽河平原农业的高产高效对于巩固东北粮仓的"稳粮增效"具有重要作用。但是,由于耕地数量不断减少以及长期高强度利用造成资源和环境约束不断加剧,辽河平原农田生态系统的可持续发展受到严重制约。中国科学院沈阳生态实验站围绕区域农业生产和资源管理的核心问题,立足农田生态系统的长期监测和研究,揭示了不同养分管理模式下农田土壤综合肥力的演变规律。利用同位素示踪技术,明确了肥料氮素在农田生态系统的保持和转化以及调控机制。通过农田土壤"以碳控氮,碳氮平衡"管理模式的构建,建立了雨养旱地农业保护性耕作综合配套栽培技术体系。通过研发环境友好型稳定性肥料,实现了肥料减施增效,降低了面源污染风险。通过研究-示范-推广有效结合,土肥高效管理为区域现代农业发展和生态环境建设提供了科技支撑。

Liaohe Plain is an important region of the temperate agro-ecosystem in China. To develop efficient agriculture in Liaohe Plain is the key to the stability of food production in Northeast China. However, the sustainable development of agro-ecosystem in Liaohe Plain has been severely constrained by decreasing cultivated land and worsening environment caused by long-term excessive use of resources. Focusing on the development of local agriculture and the management on agricultural resources, Shenyang Agro-ecosystem Experimental Station has conducted a series of long-term experiments since 1990s to explore the change of soil fertility under different management modes of soil nutrients. The retention, transformation and control mechanisms of fertilizer nitrogen in local agro-ecosystern have been clarified by isotope tracing techniques. A series of conservation tillage techniques have been established in rainfed arable soils based on the management mode of＂nitrogen control with carbon to achieve a balance＂. Fertilizer efficiency has grown and the risk of non-point source pollution in agro- ecosystems decreased with the development of environmental-friendly and stabilized fertilizers. Through the combination between research, trial and extension, efficient management on soil and fertilizer provides scientific and technological support for regional modem agricultural development and ecological environment construction.