对中国制造业民营企业出口扭曲的一种新解释——基于固定贸易成本和生产率双重异质性的视角

A New Explanation to Export Distortion of China's Manufacturing Private-owned Firms: From the Dual-heterogeneous Perspective of Fixed Trade Costs and Productivity

中国制造业民营企业中存在大量低生产率的纯出口企业,且面临的国内固定贸易成本高于国际固定贸易成本。从上述特征性事实出发,引入国内外固定贸易成本异质性,对Melitz模型进行拓展,分析固定贸易成本和生产率双重异质性对企业出口扭曲的影响。理论模型分析表明,当国内固定贸易成本高于国际固定贸易成本时,在均衡状态下存在出口扭曲。利用2001—2007年中国制造业民营企业数据展开实证研究发现,纯出口企业的生产率显著低于非出口企业和双市场企业,固定贸易成本和生产率双重异质性对企业出口行为存在显著影响;国内固定贸易成本相对于国际固定贸易成本越高,低生产率企业成为纯出口企业的可能性越大,而生产率提高则弱化了异质性固定贸易成本对企业纯出口行为的影响。上述实证研究结论通过了一系列稳健性检验。

On the facts that export distortion exists in a lot of low productive pure exporters and fixed trade costs of domestic market are higher than that of foreign market in China＇s manufacturing private-owned firms,this paper extends Melitz＇s model by introducing domestic and foreign fixed trade costs heterogeneity to analyze the impact of heterogeneous fixed trade costs and productivity on export distortion. The model shows the existence of export distortion in equilibrium when the fixed trade costs of domestic market higher than that of foreign market. The data study of private-owned enterprises for 2001—2007 suggests that the productivity of pure exporters is significantly lower than that of non-exporters and firms having both domestic sales and exports. There are significant impacts of dual-heterogeneous fixed trade costs and productivity on firm＇s export behavior,and the higher domestic fixed trade costs relative to foreign fixed trade costs enhance the possibility of low-productive firms to be pure exporters,while the increase of productivity weakens the influence of heterogeneous fixed trade costs on firms＇ pure export behavior. The empirical research in the paper has passed a series of robustness tests.