中国模式的特殊性--兼与俄罗斯模式比较

Features of China Model——Comparison with Russia

2017年是十月革命100周年,2018年中国迎来改革开放40周年,对中国模式和俄罗斯模式进行深入的探讨和比较可以发现,中国模式是在不断学习的过程中形成的,其间"取其精华,去其糟粕",并与中国的国情和具体实践结合起来,最典型的就是马克思主义中国化。俄罗斯的民族性格有从一个极端走向另一个极端的特点,要么否定一切,要么肯定一切。俄罗斯民族之根在欧洲,融入欧洲是俄罗斯民族的历史夙愿,但西化派的学习西方通常表现为照抄照搬的教条主义,苏共曾教条地对待马克思主义理论、僵化社会主义体制,后又全盘抛弃社会主义制度;民主派照抄照搬西方教科书,全面移植资本主义制度。当学习西方受挫或受到西方的威胁时,斯拉夫本土派往往成为俄罗斯发展方向的主导者,国家就会转向落后于欧洲的东方,表现的却是帝国扩张的历史传统造就的沙文主义和救世主思想。中国民族性格所表现的儒家文化"时中""中正""和为贵""致中和"思想使中国的改革者采取稳健的渐进式改革;而俄罗斯民族性格中的非理性和极端主义因素导致其改革者采取极端的激进式改革。

2017 is the 100th anniversary of the October Revolution. In 2018, China celebrated its 40th anniversary of reform and opening up. In-depth discussion and comparison of the Chinese model with the Russian one reveals that the Chinese model is formed in the process of continuous learning. In this process the CPC took its essence, discarded its dross, on the one hand, and combining concrete practice with China’s national conditions, on the other hand. The most typical practice of China is the sinicization of Marxism. The Russian nation has the characteristics of going from one extreme to the other, either denying everything or affirming everything. The root of the Russian nation is in Europe, and it is the historical long-cherished wish of the Russian nation to integrate into Europe. However, the learning from West by the Western school is usually manifested in the dogmatic copy. The CPSU treated the Marxist theory in a dogmatic manner and ossifed the socialist system, and then abandoned it entirely. Meanwhile, the democratic school copied the Western textbooks and transplanted the capitalist system. When learning the West is frustrated or threatened by the West, the local Slavic school often become the dominant guider in Russia’s development direction, and the country will turn to the East which lags behind the West, showing the chauvinism and Salvationism which are created by the historical tradition of the expansion of the Empire. The Confucian culture such as “Golden mean”, “Clear order”, “Harmony” and “free from extremes” in Chinese nationality makes Chinese reformers adopt steady and gradual reforms; while the irrationality and extremist factors in Russian national character have led to radical reforms by their reformers.