苏联零售商业信贷兴衰探析

Vicissitude of Soviet Retail Business Credit

苏联零售商业信贷的发展历史是国内学界较少关注的问题。新经济政策时期,基于商品货币关系的恢复以及广大民众强烈的消费渴求,零售商业信贷于1923年诞生,其主要针对最重要部门的工人。工业化建设时期,为最大限度地动员人民的现金、增加对重工业的投入,国家于1935年废止了这种信贷形式。零售商业信贷的复兴是在1959年。赫鲁晓夫进行的工业体制改革,为零售商业信贷的复出奠定了良好的物质基础。而人民长期受压抑的消费欲望高涨,呼唤贸易机构增加服务方式。1959—1985年间,苏联零售商业信贷获得了迅速发展,信贷种类不断增加,居民的消费结构发生变化。1980年,随着经济危机凸显,国家大幅度缩减信贷商品种类,这是零售商业开始走向衰落的信号。而戈尔巴乔夫改革的失利,导致信贷市场几近崩溃。纵览零售商业信贷的两度兴衰,其始终受到消费品的生产及创新能力无法充分满足群众需求的困扰。它的命运沉浮,是苏联近七十年经济走势的一个缩影。

In the new economic policy era, retail business credit was born in 1923 on the basis of the recovery of commodity monetary relations and the strong consumption desire of the public. In order to mobilize cash that people have and increase investment in heavy industry, the state abolished this form of credit in 1935. Its resurgence was in 1959 again. Khrushchev’s industrial reform has laid a good material foundation for the resurgence of retail business credit. The people’s long-suppressed consumption desire upsurge calls the trade organization to increase the ways of service. From 1959 to 1985, the Soviet retail commercial credit achieved rapid development, the types of credit kept increasing, and the consumption structure of residents changed. In 1980, with the onset of the economic crisis, the country drastically reduced the types of credit goods, which was a sign that the retail business began to decline. The failure of Gorbachev’s perestroika led to almost collapse of credit market. The ups and downs of retail business credit showed that it has always been troubled by the inability of consumer credit production and innovation to meet the needs of the public. Its vicissitude is a microcosm of the economic trend of the Soviet Union in the past 70 years.