北宋皇后别庙空间布局演变研究

Discussion on the Layout Evolution of Empress Temple in the Northern Song Dynasty

北宋时期施行皇帝太庙、皇后别庙制度。诸皇后别庙集中分布地称"后庙"或"皇后庙",并与其南侧的太庙,合称"两庙"。北宋皇后别庙,可以分为三个各具布局特征的历史时段:(1)宋初太祖、太宗、真宗时期,皇后别庙制度渐次确立,"后庙四室"(孝惠、孝章、淑德、章怀)遵循礼秩尊卑,自西而东依次布局。真宗生母元德庙别处择址,与诸皇后别庙共存。(2)仁宗、英宗时期,受前代先例与本朝实际综合影响,"后庙四室"与奉慈庙的组合格局随之形成,其中,奉慈庙借助建筑空间的多次改易,体现奉祀对象的更替以及祭祀等级的高低。这一时期新出现的皇后城南祠殿,因礼制尊卑因素,暂被排斥于北宋皇后别庙空间体系之外。(3)神宗、徽宗时期,随着元丰六年太庙升祔制度的改革,"后庙四室"格局最终消失,徽宗朝因本朝皇后相继崩薨,皇后别庙再度因袭传统位置设立,又因受元丰六年改革部分消泯皇后品秩差别的影响,原本被孤立且供奉于都城以外的祠殿皇后神主,开始被正式融入皇后别庙制度体系之内,实现由都城之外向汴京内城"后庙"空间的集结。

The system of imperial ancestral temple and empress temple is executed in the Song Dynasty.The concentration place of empresses＇spirit tablet is called＂back temple＂or＂empress temple＂,which could be called＂two temples＂ when combined with the imperial ancestral temple.There were three historical periods with different layout features：（1）The pattern of four rooms placed from west to east was formed in the Taizu,Taizong and Zhenzong period.Besides,the Yuande temple was independent from this space.（2）The four rooms＇pattern combining the Fengci temple in the Renzong and Yingzong period.This period also saw the newly appearing suburban temple but was excluded from the empress temple system according to the ritual order.（3）The four rooms＇pattern was canceled with the temple system revolution in the Yuanfeng period of Shenzong.However,with the empresses＇death,the empress temple continued to build up according to the original position in the Huizong period.Moreover,the empress spirit tablet initially sacrificed in the suburban temple began to enter the empress temple＇spatial system officially.