论清代四川盆地寨堡的防御力和阶段性特征

Research on the Fortified Fortress' Defense Force and Stage Characteristics of Sichuan Basin in the Qing Dynasty

清代四川盆地寨堡与社会、政治互动密切。寨堡的补修和使用,呈现出阶段性的特征,主要分为三个时段:明末清初、嘉庆和咸丰同治时期。每一时段寨堡及其防御力,都具有鲜明的特征。明末清初,社会局势失序,川东、北民众修建寨堡自卫,但由于缺乏组织,防御效果不甚理想;嘉庆年间,白莲教起事,政府实行"坚壁清野"策略,官、民协力修建寨堡,组织寨堡武力作战,达到了"戡乱守内"的目的;咸同年间,太平军和李蓝军队波及四川盆地,政府制定"聚歼"策略,不再器重寨堡,寨堡及防御力由民间自我组织、独立作战,寨堡成为地方百姓单纯自保的产物;咸同以后,新式火器的推广以及经济社会的变化使寨堡防御力减弱,寨堡逐渐消亡。

The tortified tortresses of Sichuan basin in the Qing dynasty have a close interaction with the social and political environment. Their repair and use have periodic characteristics, which can be divided into three stages： the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Jiaqing, Xianteng and Tongzhi periods. In each period the tortified tortresses and their detense torte have their own distinct characteristics. In the end of the Ming dynasty and at the beginning of Qing dynasty,the social situation is out of order,people in northeast Sichuan built the tortified tortresses to detend themselves. Due to lack of organization,the detense effect was not as ideal as expected ; During Jawing period, as tot the uprising of Society of White lotus the government adopted the strategy to＂ strengthen the detentes and clear the fields＂, officials and people worked together to build tortified tortresses and organize military operations in order to suppress a rebellion and guard the interior. During Xianteng and Tongzhi periods,Taiping Army and Liian Army spread into Sichuan basin,the government formulated he strategy of ＂annihilating en masse＂ without relying on tot- tiffed tortresses,The tortified tortresses and detense torte are self-organized and independently operated by the peo- ple. Thus,the tortified tortress became the local people＇ s place to protect themselves; After Xianteng and Tongzhi periods, the popularization of new firearms and the change of economy and society weakened the detensive ability of the tortified tortresses,which gradually died out.