试析洪堡教育人类学的“经验与文化”性格

On the Empirical and Cultural Character of Humboldt's Pedagogical Anthropology

本文从教育人类学的角度,解析了洪堡重要的两部早期作品:《比较人类学论纲》与《巴斯克人》。前者从经验方法论维度指出,和谐完整的人具体表现为个体性格的全面发展,对经验世界的形态学和发生学考察为理解个体性格与性格变化提供了方法途径;后者通过对巴斯克民族的田野观察,说明了自由在保障个体及民族性格差异性与多样性中的重要性。研究指出洪堡教育思想的构建不仅基于抽象概念,也源于其对经验生活世界的探究,揭示洪堡思想中的经验性层面,将有助于我们更系统而全面地理解洪堡的教育理论。

This article interprets and analyzes two important early works of Wilhelm von Humboldt from the perspective of pedagogical Anthropology, namely Comparative Anthropology （ Plan einer vergleichenden Anthropologie, 1795 ） and The Basque Country （Die Vasken, 1801 ）. In Comparative Anthropology, Humboldt pointed out that the perfection of an individual is reflected in the perfection of one＇s character. He further argued that we can compare the characters of different individuals and nations from the dimensions of morphology and genetic classification. In the Basque Country, he illustrated why freedom is significant for the protection of the variety and diversity of individual and national characters. The aforementioned works demonstrate that the construction of Humboldt＇s pedagogical Anthropology was based on the explorations both on the theoretical and empirical levels, which will help us gain a systematic and full-scale understanding of Humboldt＇s education theories.