启蒙人权理论的悖论与超越——马克思《论犹太人问题》人权思想分析

The Paradox and Transcendence of the Enlightenment Human Rights Theory:The Human Rights Thought in K. Marx's On the Jewish Question

由自然权利论所阐发的启蒙人权理论,乃是今日西方国家人权话语霸权的基础理论,但这一理论实际上充满内在矛盾。马克思早在其首次对"人权"概念进行全面系统剖析的论著《论犹太人问题》中,便依据市民社会与政治国家关系理论,分析了启蒙人权理论之人权概念的实质即"市民社会的成员的权利"。通过对市民社会的批判,马克思深刻揭露了启蒙人权理论的三重悖论,即个人与共同体的目的与手段悖论、人的普遍性与特殊性难以调和之悖论、人权理论背离人权初衷之悖论。由此,马克思最终指明了超越启蒙人权理论悖论的关键方案———人的解放。这种"超越"的启示意义在于,构建新时代人权理论体系,不应停留在启蒙人权话语中自我设限,而更应从"人类共同命运"这一更加宏大的立足点出发,去实现人类的共同价值。

The enlightenment human rights theory elucidated by the theory of natural rights is the basic theory of hegemonic human rights discourse in the western countries today. However, this theory is actually full of internal contradictions. In his first comprehensive analysis of the concept of ＂human rights＂, wrote, especially in the On the Jewish Question, based on the theory of relations between civil society and political state, Marx analyzed the essence of the human rights concept of the enlightenment human rights theory, namely, the rights of members of civil society. Through criticizing of the civil society theory, Marx profoundly dis- closed the triple paradox of the enlightenment human rights theory, that is, the paradox of the individual and the community, the paradox of the universality and particularity of human beings, and the paradox of human rights theory and the original intention of human rights. As a result, Marx finally pointed out a key plan that would transcend the paradox of the enlighten- ment human rights theory, namely, human liberation. The significance of this ＂transcending＂ lies in the fact that the construction of a human rights theoretical system in the new era should not be limited to self-imposed restrictions on the human rights discourse of enlightenment, but should be based on a more ambitious standpoint of ＂common destiny of mankind＂, so as to realize humanity＇s common value.