半永久双腔导管在维持性血液透析儿童中应用的回顾性分析

Retrospective analysis of cuffed-tunneled catheters in pediatric patients receiving maintenancehemodialysis

目的初步总结儿童留置半永久双腔导管的特点，探讨半永久双腔导管在维持性血液透析儿童中的应用价值。方法回顾性总结2015年3月—2017年7月期间在上海市儿童医院肾脏风湿科行维持性血液透析并使用半永久双腔导管的16例次患儿的临床资料，分析儿童置管特点，总结置管及导管使用过程中的并发症及相应处理。结果（1）共16例次儿童放置半永久双腔导管，均在实时B超引导下置管，首次穿刺成功15例次，置管时中位年龄11.5岁（4.2~14.5岁），体重（27.8±8.0）kg（16.0~39.4 kg）；根据患儿身高选择导管型号。28 cm型号导管者7例次：年龄（7.5±2.1）岁，身高（115.6±10.6）cm（102.0~130.0 cm）；36 cm型号导管者9例次：年龄（12.6±1.1）岁，身高（148.6±9.9）cm（140.0~167.0 cm）；中位随访时间12.6（3.5~29.3）个月，随访期内中位导管留置时间11.9（3.5~29.3）个月，10例导管功能良好保留使用中，5例因行肾移植拔除，1例因导管相关血流感染抗菌药物治疗无效而拔除。（2）透析充分性评价：上机后血泵最大稳定血流量达（7.26±0.72）ml/（kg·min），尿素清除率（74.3±5.7）%，平衡尿素清除指数1.48±0.07。（3）急性并发症：置管过程中出现导丝无法送入1例，导管尖端贴壁1例，导管末端进入对侧无名静脉1例，均未发生局部血肿、明显渗血、血胸、血气胸、空气栓塞、心律失常、麻醉过敏等并发症。导管使用过程中出现导管相关性血流感染1例，导管内血栓3例次，未发生中心静脉狭窄。结论儿童维持性血液透析留置半永久双腔导管安全、有效，操作过程中应实时B超引导、根据患儿身高选择合适型号导管，具有很好的临床应用前景。

ObjectiveTo summarize the characteristics of cuffed-tunneled catheters insertion and investigate the values of cuffed-tunneled catheters in pediatric patients.MethodsBetween March 2015 and July 2017, all the pediatric patients who received maintenance hemodialysis at least 3 consecutive months in our center were included. Sixteen cuffed-tunneled hemodialysis catheters were inserted in patients for long-term hemodialysis access. The clinical manifestations and complications were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsFifteen pediatric patients with end stage ranal disease （ESRD） were included in this study and they received 16 cuffed-tunneled catheters for long-term vascular access, including 10 males and 5 females; median age at start of catheter insertion was 11.5 （4.2-14.5） years. Body weight was （27.8±8.0）kg （16.0-39.4 kg） . The size and the length of the catheters were based on the height of patients as follows： 28 cm for （115.6±10.6） cm （102.0-130.0 cm） ,36 cm for （148.6±9.9）cm （140.0-167.0 cm） . Cuffed-tunneled catheters outcome： 10 cuffed-tunneled catheters were still functional at the end of the study; 5 catheters were removed after successful kidney transplantation. Catheter failure occurred in 1 out of 16 cuffed-tunneled catheters due to catheter-related infections. The median catheter survival time was 11.9 months （range 3.5-21.3 months）. Complications of cuffed-tunneled catheters： Catheter placements operation was successful in 15 cases using ultrasound guidance. No serious complications were observed in any patients receiving catheter inserting operation. The overall rate of catheter-related infections and thrombosis/malposition was 6.3% and 18.7%, respectively.ConclusionsUltrasound guidance is suggested in pediatric patients during the catheters insertion. The size and the length of the catheters should be based on the height of patients. Cuffed-tunneled hemodialysis catheters could be effectively used for maintenance of hemodialysis vascular access for pediatric patients with ESRD.