国家权力的横向配置结构

The Structure of Horizontal Separation of Powers

宪法第3条、民主集中制以及"机关+职权"早已成为解释我国国家权力横向配置的一种"通说"。但是,"通说"尚无法对横向分权的机理作出系统性的解释,从而成为真正意义上的总论。本文通过抽取宪法规范中的一些共同要素,并结合立法和权力配置个案,重新组装起足以表征我国国家权力横向配置规律与特征的共同规范结构,以期深化和丰富对人民代表大会制度的理解。五元结构、组织差序格局、人大组织优位、议行融合体制以及有限监督原则在某种程度上代表了我国横向分权的共同结构基因,集中反映了权力配置的结构性规律和特征。

There exist three common theoretical approaches in explaining the structure of horizontal separation of powers in China,namely the Article 3 approach,the democratic centralization principle approach,and the approach that is based on state organs and their authorities.All these approaches,however,fail to present a comprehensive understanding of the horizontal separation of powers structure.To fill such an academic vacuum,this article tries to capture several identifiable patterns and normative structures of the horizontal separation of powers by sorting out common elements in constitutional norms and the studies of landmark cases and controversies.The quinary structure,the organizationally hierarchical order,the supremacy of People's Congresses,the integration of legislative and executive branches,and the principle of restrained oversight represent the common structure genes of China's horizontal separation of powers structure.