中国近古新建都城的形态与规划——从元明中都的考古复原和对比分析出发

FORM AND PLANNING OF NEWLY-BUILT CAPITAL CITIES IN LATE IMPERIAL CHINA:ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESTORATION AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CENTRAL CAPITALS OF THE YUAN AND MING DYNASTIES

元中都和明中都是中国近古时期完全新建于生地的两座大型城址,它们与元大都、明清北京有密切的承继关系,由于尚未完工就遭废置,又长期保存于荒野或农村,城市遗迹保存得比较完整。本文根据对元中都考古数据的复原以及明中都设计尺度的分析,首先从营建背景和城市形态等视角对元明中都进行了比较;进一步,推测了元明中都的原初设计方案,将它们与《考工记·匠人》城市思想从边界、出入口、核心功能区以及整合结构等4个方面进行比较,考察了《考工记》对中国近古都城规划思想影响的变化趋势。

Both the central capitals of Yuan and Ming Dynasties are two large cities completely built in the ancient times of China, which have close inheritance relations with the Great Capital of the Yuan Dynasty and Beijing in Ming and Qing dynasties. Since they have been abandoned before completion, and have been sitting in wilderness or rural areas for a long time, the city remains are relatively well preserved. Based on the restoration of the archaeological data of Central Capital of Yuan Dynasty and the analysis of the design scale of the Central Capital of Ming Dynasty, this paper firstly compares two capitals from the perspectives of construction background and urban form. Further, it speculates on the original design, by comparing them with the urban thinking of＂Kaogongji.Artisan＂ from four aspects of boundary, entrance and exit, core functional area, and integration structure, therefore examining the changing trend of the influence of ＂Kaogongji＂ on the planning idea of China＇s ancient capital cities.