汉语被动标记发展演变的路径考察

Investigation into the Path of the Development and Evolution of Chinese Passive Markers

被动标记在历史发展过程中不是恒定的,而是随着社会的发展而变化。不同时期选择的被动标记不同,这与标记词凸显的语义有关,也与表达的需要有关。同样作为由动词语法化而来的被动标记,"被"与"叫/教、让、给"无论从结构功能还是语义特征来说都差异较大。但"被"作为历史发展最长的被动标记,却能在句式语义表达中居于凸显优势位置,成为现代汉语优势被动标记,与"被"的语义功能和人们的认知心理密不可分。

Chinese passive markers are not unique during the diachronic development process, but change with social development, and the selected passive markers are different in different periods, which are related to the prominent semantics of the marker words and also to the needs of expression. Similarly, as a passive marker derived from verbs, ＂bei （被）＂ is quite different from other passive markers ＂jiao （叫、教） , rang（让） , gel （给）＂ in terms of structural functions and semantic features. However, as the most long-standing passive marker in the historical development, ＂bei＂ is able to stand out in the semantic position of sentence expression and becomes a superior passive marker. It is inseparable from the semantic function of ＂bei＂ and people＇ s cognitive psychology.