美国《云法案》对跨境司法机制的新发展

A Step Forward Made by the US Cloud Act in Cross-Border Jurisdiction

美国国会最新通过的一项简称为"云"的法案,取代了更早的存储通信法案,旨在授权美国政府可以不受数据的地域限制而要求电子信息服务提供者和远程计算服务提供者向政府披露存储于境外服务器上的电子证据,这项法案的通过不仅因规避了美国宪法修正案第四条无证搜查排除原则遭到美国人权主义者的强烈反驳,而且对公法属地原则提出了强烈挑战。本文将试图通过对于引发这一变革的案例——"微软诉美国案"进行梳理,并参考最新颁布并生效的"云法案",以管辖权的域外性和法律冲突为切入点进行讨论与分析,并且在此基础之上思考这一趋势对于国际法发展的影响。

The ＂ CLOUD Act＂, which was passed by the US Congress most recently, has replaced the earlier Storage Communications Act （SCA） , and aims to grant the U. S. government the power to request the electronic information service providers and remote computing service providers to disclose data regardless of the physical location where such data are stored. As the passing of such bill may potentially avoid the search rules that exclude any search without a lawful writ set forth in Article 4 of the constitutional amendment of the United States, it is strongly refuted by American human rights organizations and may also cause a conflict with the territorial principle of public law. By sorting through the case of ＂Microsoft v. the United States＂ that triggered this change and referring to the content of the Cloud Act that has been newly enacted and put in force, the article departs from the analysis of the extra-territoriality of jurisdiction and legal conflicts and then looks into the impact of this trend on the development of international law.