2012-2016年某汽车制造企业职业病危害调查与分析

Investigation and analysis of occupational hazards in an automotive manufacturer from 2012 to 2016

目的通过分析某汽车制造企业存在的职业病危害因素与工人职业健康状况,找出职业病危害特点,为职业卫生管理提供建议。方法对某汽车制造企业连续5 a的职业病危害因素检测与职业健康检查资料进行分析。结果某汽车制造企业检测超标的职业病危害因素主要为噪声、矽尘、电焊烟尘、其他粉尘、锰及其无机化合物、MDI(二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯)、一氧化碳。其中噪声A声级检测连续5 a超标,2015年超标率最高(60.38%)。2012—2016年检出职业健康损害人员主要分布在苯、噪声作业岗位,2012年苯作业白细胞减少检出率最高,为1.79%(x^2=15.793,P<0.05);2016年噪声作业听力损失检出率最高,为3.82%(x^2=21.511,P<0.05)。各年龄组听力损失检出率随年龄的增加而增加,各工龄组职业禁忌证检出率随工龄的增加而降低,各工龄组疑似职业病、复查检出率随工龄的增加而增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论噪声是该企业最严重的职业病危害因素,企业应积极进行工艺改革,从源头上减少噪声危害,同时加强噪声作业人员的职业健康教育,定期开展职业健康检查,重视上岗前检查,减少职业病的发生。

Objective To analyze the occupational hazard factors and health status of workers in an automotive manufacturer, to find characteristic of the occupational hazards and provide suggestions for occupational health management.Methods Data on occupational hazard detection and occupational health examination of an automotive manufacturer for 5 years were analyzed. Results The occupational hazards higher than occupational health standard in the automotive manufacturer were noise, silica dust, welding fumes, other dust, manganese, MDI, carbon monoxide, among them the level of noise was higher than the standard for 5 years, accounting for the largest part（60.38%）of the all the hazards in 2015. Workers with the occupational health damage were mainly distributed in exposure to benzene and noise in 2012-2016. The highest detection rate of lower WBC in the benzene-exposed workers was 1.79%（x2=15.793, P〈0.05）in 2012, and the highest detection rate of hearing loss in the noise-exposed workers was 3.82%（x2=21.511,P〈0.05）in 2016. The detection rates of hearing loss increased with age, the detection rates of occupational contraindication decreased with the increase of working years, the detection rates of suspected occupational disease and re-examination increased with working years. The differences were statistically significant（（P〈0.05）. Conclusions The noise is the most serious occupational hazard in the automotive manufacturer; technology reformation should actively carry out to reduce noise hazards from the source. Also, it should strengthen the occupational health education of noise-exposed workers, occupational health examination regularly, emphasis on pre-employment examination to reduce occupational disease.