《商法通则》/《商法典》的可能空间?--再论商法与民法规范内容的差异性

The Possible Space for the General Rules of Commercial Law/Commercial Code:Reanalysis on the Difference of Norm Content between Commercial Law and Civil Law

在我国民法典编纂正处如火如荼的当代,主张制定《商法通则》/《商法典》无疑成为一种干扰正常立法工作的杂音。尤其是当日本、德国等国家都在消解商法总则或商法典的内容——商法在传统大陆法系国家仿佛已成"走向没落的法律贵族"。然而,通过观察法国、韩国、我国澳门等国家和地区商法典的总则部分,可以发现虽然现代民法呈现出"商化扩张"的一面,但仍有部分属传统商总的内容游离在民法之外。这些未被民法吸纳的内容,形成《商法通则》的可能空间。有学者认为,以《民法总则》统摄商事特别法是最佳模式,制定《商法通则》会导致民法基本制度的分裂、导致法律规则的叠加、重复,增加法律适用难度;且民事商事难以区分,商事特别法缺乏共性规则等,这些理由均不足以否定《商法通则》的存在意义。中国之所以需要独立的《商法通则》/《商法典》是因为实践的需求——无论是商事交易实践,还是商事规制、商事裁判实践都充分证明:民商混合的思维带来了极大不便,影响了商事关系的优化调整,甚至影响了法院的妥当裁判,损害了商人的交易预期。己所不欲,勿施于人。法典化之可能在于单行法已具备相当规模,《民法总则》/《民法典》的制定逻辑如此,《商法通则》/《商法典》的制定逻辑同样也当如此——正是因为中国有了丰富、零散的民法/民事规范,才需要统一的《民法总则》/《民法典》去统摄;可是,中国现已储备了相当丰富的商法规范,为什么我们不能编纂《商法通则》甚至《商法典》?

In the modern era of the codification of the Civil Code,advocating the enactment of General Rules of Commercial Law/Commercial Code has undoubtedly become a kind of noise that interferes with normal legislative work. Especially when Japan,Germany and other countries are in the process of eliminating the content of General Principles of Commercial Law or Commercial Code-Commercial Law in the traditional continental law system has emerged as a ＂declining legal aristocracy. ＂However,by observing the general part of the Commercial Code of France,Korea,Macao and other countries,it can be found that although the modern civil law presents the ＂commercial expansion＂phenomena,there are still contents in general parts of the traditional commercial law floating outside the civil law. There is possibility that for those content not absorbed by civil law,can be included in the General Rules of Commercial Law. Some scholars believe that letting the General Provisions of the Civil Law govern the special law of business is the best model,and the enactment of the General Rules of Commercial Law will lead to the division of the basic system of civil law,the superposition and repetition of legal rules,and the difficulty of legal application. Besides,because of the difficulties in distinguishing civil law and commercial law,the lack of common rules in commercial special law,etc.,the existence of the General Rules of Commercial Law cannot be denied. The reason why China needs independent General Rules of Commercial Law/Commercial Code is the demand of practice-whether it be the practice of commercial transactions,commercial regulation,or commercial adjudication,it sufficiently proves that the methodology mixing the civil law and commercial law has brought great inconvenience,affected the optimization of the adjustment of commercial relations,and even affected the proper adjudication of the Court,and undermined the businessman＇s expectations. Do unto others. The condition precedent of codification is that the amount of separate statutes has already been in considerable scale.The enactment logic of General Provisions of the Civil Law/the Civil Code is such,so is the enactment logic of the General Rules of Commercial Law/Commercial Code-precisely because China has a rich,fragmented civil statutes/civil norms,it is necessary to have the unitary General Provisions of the Civil Law/the Civil Code. Now that China today has already reserved a wide array of commercial law norms,why can＇t it be possible to promulgate the General Rules of Commercial Law,even the Commercial Code？