社会学与20世纪40年代的秘密社会调查——以沈宝媛《一个农村社团家庭》为例

Sociology and Investigations of Secret Societies in the 1940s:A Case Study of Shen Baoyuan's A Family of the Rural Organization

1945年,燕京大学社会学系女学生沈宝媛到成都郊区一个叫"望镇"的地方进行秘密社会的调查,并在次年完成《一个农村社团家庭》的报告,作为其燕京大学社会学系的毕业论文。此篇社会调查的完成是受到20世纪二三十年代社会学和人类学在中国发展的影响。那些受西方教育和影响的早期社会学家和人类学家,自称为"农村工作者",认为要了解中国,改变中国积贫积弱的现状,就必须了解中国农村和中国农民,因此,他们在全国范围内开展了农村社会调查,并成为当时中国乡村建设和乡村教育运动的一个重要组成部分。正是由于他们所开展的深入农村、深入农民的社会调查运动,为我们今天的研究留下了丰富的记录,并成为今天我们了解当时袍哥及其组织的珍贵文本和历史记忆。根据这个调查,可探索社会学在当时的政治、社会、学术方面的来龙去脉,并讨论这样的调查报告,在今天如何被作为历史资料来使用,以及通过对其的探讨,我们究竟可以在多大程度上还原那段已经逝去的记忆和那些已经被摧毁的秘密社会组织的历史。

In 1945 ,Shen Baoyuan, a female student of the Department of Sociology at Yenching University, went to a place called ＂Wangzhen＂ in the suburb of Chengdu to investigate the secret society and then she completed her field report entitled ＂A Family of the Rural Organization＂ as her graduation thesis in the Department of Sociology of Yenching University. The completion of this social survey was influenced by the development of sociology and anthropology in China during the 1920s and 1930s. Those early sociologists and anthropologists who were educated in the West,calling themselves ＂rural activists＂, believed that it was necessary to understand rural areas and peasants in order to solve the problems of China＇ s poverty and weakness. They carried out a nationwide rural social survey and played an important role in the Rural Construction and Rural Education Movement. Because of their social investigations,they have left rich records for us to go deep inside of the countryside and peasants, which become valuable texts and historical memories that could help us know more about the Gowned Brothers （or Paoge） and their organization today. The focus of this article is not on discussion of the specific contents o{ Shen Baoyuan~ s social investigation,but to explore the political, social and academic backgrounds of the sociological survey and to examine how much we can use them today as a historical material and how much we can recollect the memory that has been lost about the history of the secret social organization that has been destroyed long time ago.