元语言理论视界下中国先民的鬼文化解读

Interpretation of Ghost Culture of Chinese Ancestors from the Perspective of Metalinguistic Theory

以元语言理论为切入点,剖析《说文》中与鬼有关的字词训诂,通过探讨古人对社会生活中生理现象(如生老病死)、自然现象(如磷火药物)、祭祀现象(如祖先神灵)等方面围绕鬼为主题进行反复观察与持续思辨,发现先民历经了从畏鬼、惧鬼、驱鬼、逐疫、尊鬼、事鬼的一条漫漫征程,蕴藉着华夏民族"慎终追远、绳其祖武"浓腴亶厚的缅怀心结与人文情怀,是炎黄子孙一以贯之的传承红线与内涵丰赡的文化载体。鬼作为具有鲜明中国特色的元认知词汇,构成了中国传统哲学史、思想史乃至文化史核心理念的主轴基元与文化关键词之一,在人类学上具有重大研究价值。

Taking the meta-linguistie theory as the breakthrough point, this paper analyzes the exegesis of words and expressions related to ghosts in Shuo Wen, and makes repeated observation and persistent speculation on the themes of ghosts by discussing the physiological phenomena （such as life, old age, sickness and death）, natural phenomena （such as phosphorous fire drugs） and sacrificial phenomena （such as ancestors and gods）. It is found that the ancestors have gone through a long journey from fear of ghosts to exorcise ghosts, chase epidemic diseases and finally to respect ghosts and work ghosts. It contains the rich reminiscence and humanistic feelings of the Chinese people. It is the cultural carrier of the inheritance of the red line and rich connotation of the descendants of the Yan and Huang Dynasties. As a meta-eognitive vocabulary with distinct Chinese characteristics, ghost constitutes one of the core concepts of Chinese traditional philosophy history, ideological history and even cultural history. It has great research value in anthropology.