马克思对康德至善学说的批判与超越

Marx's Critique and Transcendence of Kant's Theory of the Highest Good

在哲学和伦理学史上,人们对道德与幸福以及德福一致的追问从未停止过。"至善"作为道德的最高目的,是一种根植于人类渴望公平正义心理的道德信仰。康德的至善学说,作为西方古代和近代德福统一思想的提炼和升华,是对传统的幸福论德福观和德性论德福观的批判和扬弃。纯粹实践理性的悬设,使得宗教在道德的基础上再次得到确立,在"彼岸世界"为重建现代道德信仰提供了宝贵的思想资源。马克思则从历史唯物主义出发,在社会历史维度的可能性与现实性相统一的基础上确立了"至善"目标,将道德理想的追求与人自身发展的内在需求和动力结合起来,科学地阐明了道德与幸福在何种关系和条件下得以实现的问题,揭示出人实现自由的另一个更高的维度,完成了对康德至善学说的批判与超越。

In the history of philosophy and ethics,people have never stopped questioning virtue and fortune,and the unity. As the highest purpose of morality,the highest good is a moral belief rooted in the human desire for fairness and justice. Kant's theory of the highest good,as the distillation and sublimation of the thought of the unification of virtue and fortune in ancient and modern times,is a criticism and sublation of the traditional virtue and fortune theory. Marx,proceeding from historical materialism,established the goal of"highest good"on the basis of the unity of the possibility and reality of social and historical dimensions,combined the pursuit of moral ideal with the inherent demand and motive force of human development,and scientifically expounded the relationship and conditions under which morality and happiness could be realized. It reveals another higher dimension of human freedom and completes the criticism and transcendence of Kant's theory of the highest good.