再论汉语所谓“倒置动结式”的性质和特征

More on the Nature and Features of So-called Chinese “Reversed VR Compounds”

既有部分用构式语法理论对所谓汉语"倒置动结式"所做的研究不仅未如其声称的那样避免形式语言学的不足,还存在用构式模糊处理某些问题的缺陷,且在未做具体比较之前就匆忙确定汉语的类型特点。本文发现所谓"倒置动结式"属于动结式构成的有标记致使结构,其核心特征是致使者往往无意愿性,且其生命度低于或至多等于受使者,句子具有较强的主观性。这种结构可分两类,一类属于自动动结式的致使化,另一类是及物致使动结式被重新指派致使者,两类都与因果重动句有密切联系,其主流是重动句中动结式的行动者具有受动性,类型学研究发现行动者有此类特征的动词更易于致使化。从语言类型学角度看,此类构式并非部分既有构式语法研究所谓"构式颠倒致使",而属于接近词汇致使的复合致使。其形成的认知机制并非客观的逆向推理,而是说话人对相关动结式基本用法所表达事件的重新概念化,其关键是说话人对新的使因的认定和强调。

Some studies on so-called Chinese ＂reversal VR compounds＂ from the perspective of construction grammar not only can not avoid the defects of formal hnguistics as they claimed, but also have the shortcoming of overshadowing the problem with the concept of construction. They defined the typological characteristics of Chinese hastily before comparing Chinese with other languages carefully. This paper argues that the so-called ＂reversal VR compounds＂ is a kind of marked causative construction made by VR compounds. The most important features of the construction include： （1） the causer has no volition; （2） its animacy is lower than the causee, the sentence embodies strong subjectivity. This kind of construction can be divided into two subtypes： one deriving from the causativisation of intransitive VR Compounds, the other as a result of reassigning a new causer to transitive VR Compounds. They are all closely related to Verb Copying Constructions. Subjects of the majority of this kind of Verb Copying Constructions show affectedness, and typological studies reveal that this kind of verb is easier to causativize. This kind of causative constructions belongs to compound causative. The cognitive mechanism of its formation process is not reversal reasoning, but reconceptualization of the events expressed by its fundamental usage.