全科还是分科:我们到底需要什么样的小学教师?——杜威的思想及其启示

All-around or Departmental Teacher:What Kind of Elementary Teacher We Want——John Dewey's Thoughts and Implications

19世纪晚期的美国,发生了一场声势浩大的有关小学分科与全科教师的大讨论。杜威认为,"全科教师更有利于学科整合"这种假设是错误的。确保儿童以对称方式获得相应经验,在心理上不可能有所谓的全科教师。而分科教师的提出不是在解决问题,仅仅是在转移问题。杜威的思想表明,小学教师培养应该摒弃传统二元论,坚持综合的、联系的思维方式,超越全科与分科,探索一种更完善的小学教师培养模式,打破长期以来存在于教师教育领域里的理论与实践、儿童与课程、逻辑与心理、学术性与师范性之间的隔离,内在地实现"教什么"和"怎么教"的有机统一。

In the late of 19 century of US, there had a big discussion about all-around and departmental teacher. John Dewey pointed out it was a wrong assumption that all- around teacher would promote connection of studies. It was psychological impossible to have so termed all-around teacher, if we will secure children having symmetrical and bal- anced experiences. And Dewey pointed out the emergence of departmental teacher just shifting rather than solving the problem. From the points of Dewey, we conclude that prepa- ration of elementary teachers should separate from dualism, have comprehensive and con- necting thinking, beyond the dispute of all-around and departmental teachers, inquiring a better preparation model of elementary teachers, to connect theory and practice, children and curriculum, logical and psychological, scholastic and method, integrate the what to teach and how to teach organically.