我国东北三省自然保护区物种保护价值评估

Evaluation of the species protected value of nature reserves in northeast China

自然保护区作为保护生物多样性最主要的手段之一,得到了世界各国的重视。如何科学客观地评价自然保护区的保护价值,并依据保护价值对其进行分类管理是当前我国自然保护区建设与管理的重要课题之一。以我国东北地区40个国家级自然保护区为研究对象,分别对其物种多样性保护价值和遗传种质资源保护价值进行了评估。通过选取物种的濒危性、特有性和保护等级等指标来计算野生动植物的多样性保护价值;选取分类独特性、近缘程度和濒危性等指标来计算遗传种质资源保护价值,进而计算出各自然保护区的综合物种保护价值。研究结果显示:该评价方法能够很好的反映自然保护区生物多样性及其各个层次和类群的保护价值,能够较准确地识别其物种保护优先性。不同自然保护区其保护价值存在一定差异;同一自然保护区中野生动物与植物之间的物种多样性保护价值没有显著差异,但其野生动物与植物之间的遗传种质资源保护价值存在一定差异性;绝大多数自然保护区其植物遗传种质资源保护价值大于动物遗传种质资源保护价值;虽同为国家级自然保护区,其综合物种多样性保护价值差异很大。吉林长白山国家级自然保护区、吉林珲春东北虎国家级自然保护区、吉林松花江三湖国家级自然保护区的综合保护价值显著高于同类型的其他自然保护区,而辽宁章古台国家级自然保护区、黑龙江双河国家级自然保护区和黑龙江三环泡国家级自然保护区的综合物种保护价值较低,不同类型自然保护区之间其综合保护价值则没有明显差异。该评价方法能较好地进行自然保护区物种保护价值评价,并用于进行自然保护区之间的比较,并不会因自然保护区所处生境、所分布物种不同而产生评价结果上的偏差;该方法在对自然保护区遗传种质资源部分的计算方面需要进一步完善;总体上来说该评价方法不会因自然保护区类型的不同产生差异;今后在对东北地区自然保护区管理分类研究中可将此评价结果作为参考,并作为评价该地区自然保护区能否晋升为国家级自然保护区的辅助工具。这在一定程度上减少了人为主观性,具有较大可行性。

As a primarily way to protect biodiversity, building nature reserves has received attention in all countries of the world. Evaluation of the value of biodiversity protection in nature reserves and their management, have become an important project. In order to evaluate the value of biodiversity protection among national nature reserves in Northeast China, we selected 40 national nature reserves and evaluated the species biodiversity protected value （SBPV） and Germplasm genetic biodiversity protected value （GGBPV） of the protected animals and plants in these national nature reserves. Threatened categories, endemism, and protection level indexes were used to evaluate SBPV, while taxonomic distinctiveness, threatened categories, and relative degree indexes were used to evaluate GGBPV. The comprehensive species protection value （CSPV） was determined by standardizing the SBPV and the GGBPV of the nature reserves. The results showed significant differences in the value of biodiversity protection among different nature reserves, and that there were small differences between the wild animal GGBPV and the plant GGBPV in same nature reserves, while the plant GGBPV being significantly higher than the animal GGBPV in most nature reserves. There were large differences in the CSPV among these nature reserves though they are all national nature reserves. The CSPV was higher in Jilin Changbai mountain national nature reserve, Jilin Hunchun amur tiger national nature reserve, and Jilin Songhua river national nature reserve than in the other nature reserves, and was lower in Liaoning Zhanggutai nature reserve, Heilongjiang two-river nature reserve, and Heilongjiang Sanjiang-Huanpao nature reserve. Considering that different kinds of nature reserves showed significant differences in their CSPV, the evaluation method used in this study was not affected by the differences in the types of nature reserves. This research showed that： our method can be used to evaluate the species protected value of nature reserves successfully, and that the results can be compared with each other; this method would not cause biasness due to differences between the habitats and species distribution; and that this method needs to be improved in terms of GGBPV calculation. The results of this study can be used as an important reference to study the management of nature reserves in northeast China. Evaluating the biodiversity protected value and assessing its rank is helpful to reduce the subjectivity.