忧乐圆融:儒家忧乐思想的核心特质

Harmonious Combination of Anxiety and Pleasure: The Core Characteristic of the Thought of Anxiety and Pleasure in Confucianism

儒家肯定感性忧乐的自然合理性,但是认为感性忧乐有待于外,陷溺于感性忧乐,容易使人流于以物役心的异化状态。儒家忧乐思想的根本形态是德性忧乐,德性忧乐的根据是本心自足之德性。儒家以德性之忧作为德行修养的内在心理动力,德性之乐是在德性彰明过程中本心情感的自然涌现,可以统摄和超越感性忧乐,实现忧乐圆融。忧乐圆融是以儒家文化为主体的中国传统文化的深层情感特质,儒家围绕以下四个维度建构了其忧乐圆融的理论体系:"变易之道"、"乐天知命"、"孔颜乐处"和"乐以忘忧"。

Xu Fuguan （2014） claimed that the core characteristic of Chinese culture is ＂the awareness of anxiety＂, while Li Zehou （2011） contended that it is ＂the culture of pleasure＂. Ignoring the apparent antagonism of these two theories, it can be found that anxiety and pleasure, as two of the main forms of human emotion existence, have been promoted to the height of the core characteristic of Chinese culture. Therefore, to figure out whether the core characteristic of Chinese culture is anxiety, pleasure or even harmonious combination of both, it has become a topic worthy of further and systematic study. From the perspective of Confucianism, anxiety can be categorized into perceptual anxiety and moral anxiety; Moral anxiety can he divided into anxiety of inner sagelihood and anxiety of external kingliness; In addition, anxiety of external kingliness can be further subdivided into anxiety for serving parents and anxiety about the world. Similar to the classification of anxiety, pleasure can also be categorized into perpetual pleasure and moral pleasure while moral pleasure can be divided into pleasure of inner sagelihood and pleasure of external kingliness. In addition, pleasure of external kingliness can be further subdivided into the following six types： pleasure of family and kinship, pleasure of mentorship and friendship, pleasure of rites and music, pleasure of sharing with people, pleasure of landscape Bi-de, pleasure of harmony between man and nature. The distinction between the forms of anxiety and pleasure is an important and helpful perspective to study on the thought of anxiety and pleasure in Confucianism. The fundamental form of the anxiety and pleasure of Confucianism is the form of moral anxiety and pleasure, which based on the inner morality of human. Confucianism affirms the natural rationality of perpetual anxiety and pleasure while it insists that they depend on external existence. When drowning in perpetual anxiety and pleasure, people will easily be controlled by environment, and enslaved by material, which tends to cause spiritual alienation. Confucianism takes moral anxiety as the internal motivation of virtual cultivation. Moral pleasure springs up naturally in the process of moral cultivation, which can govern and transcend perpetual anxiety and pleasure, and finally achieve the harmonious combination of anxiety and pleasure. Shaped by Confucianism, harmonious combination of anxiety and pleasure is the core characteristic of Chinese cultural psychological structure. The inherent logic, achieving the state of harmonious combination of anxiety and pleasure that constructed by Confucianism can be concluded as the following four dimensions： ＂the way of variation＂, ＂submitting to the will of Heaven and being content with one＇s lot＂, ＂pleasure of Confucius and his disciple Yah Hui＂, and ＂being too elated to worry＂. The study on the thought of anxiety and pleasure in Confucianism is a significant approach to explore the ideological roots of Chinese emotional life style and cultural psychological structure. It is also a valuable approach to launch the studies of psychology of emotion and mental health from cultural perspectives, and can contribute Chinese traditional culture wisdom to the studies of contemporary psychology of emotion and mental health.