试论殷墟青铜器的分铸技术

A Preliminary Study of the Separate Casting Technique at Yinxu

殷墟青铜器以造型复杂、纹饰繁丽而名世,形成这种现象的原因除了复杂化的分范技术而外,另一点就是多样的装饰技术,除了繁复的三层花纹,浮雕和立雕的兽头状附件也是其重要组成部分。而这些附件与器物主体的连接方式,主要是分铸法(铸接)和焊接技术,而其中分铸技术应用更为普遍和常见。本文描述了分铸法的几种方式,并探讨了分铸法在商代的发展历程。指出分铸法具体可分为榫卯式后铸法、铆接式后铸法、榫卯式先铸法、包裹式先铸法四种方式,有的青铜器会综合利用上述方法,采用多次铸接的分铸工艺。推测该种方法出现在早商向中商过渡的时期,在殷墟二期得到了非常普遍的应用,但到殷墟四期,浑铸的倾向有所加强。

The Yinxu bronze artifacts are famous for their delicate motifs and elaborate shapes,which root in the casting and decoration technique.Multiple categories of accessories have been employed,which are attached to the bronze wares by separate casting or welding technology.The separate casting technology should have been used more frequently then.This article introduces different methods of separate-casting technology.The author argues that this technology should have originated at the transition from the early Shang to the middle Shang dynasty,which became rather common during the second phase of the Yinxu period.