朱棣“革除”建文年号考——以孔尚任所藏《燕王靖难札付》为证

A Textual Research of Zhu Di “Abolishing” the Reign Title of “Jianwen”: With the Proof of The Official Documents on Prince of Yan in the Jingnan Campaign Collected by Kong Shangren

清孔尚任所藏《燕王靖难札付》可以证明朱棣"革除"建文年号的史实确实存在。结合《奉天靖难记》、《明太宗实录》关于"革除"事迹的相关书写之法,可以对朱棣"革除"建文年号的史实形成以下几点新的认识:首先,朱棣在即位之前就已经"去除"建文年号。建文二年,用庚辰纪年;建文三年开始以洪武纪年,并追改建文纪年,否认建文帝的合法性。其次,朱棣即位之后废除建文之政的同时正式"革除"了建文年号,使洪武纪年合法化。再次,宣德时期,史臣们认为"革除"建文年号背后透露出来的"篡夺"之意太过明显,在纂修《太宗实录》的时候,创造出元年、二年、三年、四年、洪武三十五年的纪年方式来取代洪武纪年,对朱棣"革除"史实有意曲笔隐讳,给后人的认识造成混乱。最后,因为误读了《太宗实录》的书法,万历朝臣在恢复建文年号的政治活动中,明确否定了朱棣曾经"革除"建文年号。王世贞、余继登、顾炎武、潘柽章等著名学者均不同程度地接受了这种说法,对《明史》以及后世影响极大。

The Official Documents on Prince of Yan in the Jingnan Campaign collected by Kong Shangren can prove the historical fact that Zhu Di did"abolish"the reign title of Jianwen.Combining with the related narrations in Records of the Jingnan Campaign in Fengtian and Veritable Records of Taizu,we can form some new recognitions about the fact:first,Zhu Di had already"abolished"the title of Jianwen before he ascended to the throne.He numbered the second year of Jianwen reign(A.D.1400)with Gengchen in the sexagenary cycle.The following year,he began to use the designation of Hongwu,and subseqently changed the designation of Jianwen to deny the legitimacy of Emperor Jianwen.Secondly,while Zhu Di abolished politics of Emperor Jianwen after his enthronement,he also formally abolished the designation of Jianwen and legalized the designation of Hongwu.Then,official historians in the reign of Xuande considered that there revealed too much obvious intention of"usurpation"behind"abolishing"the designation of Jianwen,so they created the calandar of the first year,second year,third year,and thirty-fifth year of Hongwu to replace the calandar of Hongwu reign while compling the Veritable Records of Taizu.This kind of concealing made confusion in later generations.Finally,because of the misreading of the narration in the Veritable Records of Taizu,the courtiers in the reign of Wanli denied that Zhu Di once"abolished"the designation of Jianwen in their political action of recovering the designation of Jianwen.Many renowned scholars such as Wang Shizhen,Yu Jideng,Gu Yanwu,and Pan Chengzhang accepted this statement to a certain degree,which greatly influenced History of the Ming Dynasty and later ages.