自我的涌现

The Emergence of Self

自我根本上是由其目的论属性所定义的。自我是与生命相关联的,具有复杂大脑的生物所经验到的自我,在许多方面是由有机体存在的自我所涌现的。从主体性问题回到对有机体维持、保护和繁殖自身的原因分析,可以得到一种解决问题的视角。我们相信存在一种科学性的说明,可以解释自然界的目的论过程如何从非目的论的前件中产生,这有赖于一种形式因果关系调解从动力因果关系到目的因果关系的涌现。那么,什么能够构成这个过程中的自主性?依据康德,我们认为一种双重自反的形式生成的动力学构成了自然目的生成的关键程序,或者说,一个自我是以一种双向自反方式而组织的,具有以自反的方式组织的自反性和因果关系的循环递归性。然而,关于人类自我的主体经验成分还有待说明。在解释主观自我时,一个重要的模型在于阐明拥有大脑的生物体的出现是演化阶段上一次特殊的水平跃迁,并引发全新的自我动力学涌现领域,人类大脑所具有的超个体符号工具,增加了又一层自反性循环,从而能够产生目的论关系和更高级的主体形式。

This article focuses on the possibility of explaining the existence of selves. Selves are ultimately defined by their teleological properties. Selves are associated with life, and the self experienced by creatures with complex brains is in many ways emergent from the self of organism existence. We may gain a useful perspective on this problem, by stepping back from issues of subjectivity to consider the reasons we describe organisms as maintaining, protecting, and reproducing themselves. We believe that there is a scientific account that can explain how teleological processes in nature emerge from non-teleological antecedents, which depends on a type of formal causality that mediates the emergence of final causality from efficient causality. Then, what could constitute the autonomy of this process? According to Kant, we argue that a doubly reflexive form-generating dynamics constitutes the key process of natural end, in other words, a self is organized in a doubly reflexive way, or it has reflexively organized reflexivity, and recursive recursivity of causality. However, It has not provided an account of that most distinctive human attribute of self: its subjective experiential component. The evolutionary appearance of organisms with brains was a special jump in levels, and ushered in an entirely novel emergent realm of self dynamics. This is an important model to also keep in mind in our effort to explain subjective self. The supra-individual symbolic tools made available to human brains adds yet a further reflexive loop with respect to which teleological relationships can emerge, and higher forms of agency can be generated.