3Hosker H,Anstey K,Lowe D. Variability in the organisation and management of hospital care for COPD exacerbations in the UK[J].Respiratory Medicine,2007,(04):754-761.
4陈灏珠.实用内科学[M]北京:人民卫生出版社,19981502-1503.
5Carratù P,Bonfitto P,Dragonieri S. Early and late failure of noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute exacerbation[J].European Journal of Clinical Investigation,2005,(06):404-409.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01509.x.
6KidaY,MinakataY,Yamada Y. Efficacy of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in elderly patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure[J].Respiration;International Review of Thoracic Diseases,2012,(05):377-382.
7Ucgun I,Metintas M,Moral H. Predictors of hospital outcome and intubation in COPD patients admitted to the respiratory ICU for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure[J].Respiratory Medicine,2006,(01):66-74.
8Trenkwalder C, Beneg H, Grote L, et al. Prolonged release oxyc- odone-naloxone for treatment of severe restless legs syndrome after failure of previous treatment: a double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial with an open label extension[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2013,12(12) : 1141-1150.
9Gifford AH, Mahler DA, Waterman LA, et al. Neuromodulatory effect of endogenous opioids on the intensity and unpleasantness of breathlessness during resistive load breathing in COPD[J]. COPD,2011,8(3): 160-166.
10A1Yami MA, AIAhmari MD, Alotaibi H, et al. Evaluation of effi- cacy of non-invasive ventilation in Non-COPD and non traumapatients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Ann Thorac Med,2015,10(1) :16- 24.
