中国近代“治外法权”概念的词汇史考察

Lexical history review of the concept of “extraterritoriality” in modern China

对"治外法权"概念进行追根溯源式的词源学考察,既有语言词汇史的价值,又有法律史的意义。就前者而言,"治外法权"首见书证的来源,可追溯至比《日本国志》更早的1886年6月6日《申报》报道"朝鲜与俄国和约之附约密约",且其最初的含义是属地主义而非属人主义。其词源属性应是中国近代汉语固有词,而不单纯是一个日源外来词,这就用实证的方式证明了中国进入近代以后仍然向日本输入语言文化的一个事实。就后者而言,"治外法权"制度作为中国近代不平等条约制度的主要组成部分之一,一直是晚清政府丧权辱国的明证。而实际上晚清政府对主权是相当重视的,"治外法权"一词在中文中首先出现并表达属地管辖的含义,就是这种主权意识在语言词汇上的表现。

The etymological reaserch of the concept of＂extraterritoriality＂has both the value of Lexical history and legal history. As far as the former is concerned,the source of the first documentary evidence of ＂extraterritoriality＂can be traced back to the report of＂Treaty of Korea and Russia and the Secret accessories＂on the＂Shen Bao＂on June 6,1886,which was earlier than the＂Ri Ben Guo Zhi＂,and its initial meaning is territorial principle rather than nationality principle. Its etymological attribute should be the Chinese modern Chinese intrinsic word,not just a Japanese origin foreign word,which proves the fact that China still imports language and culture into Japan after entering modern times. As far as the latter is concerned,as one of the main components of China＇s modern unequal treaty system,The＂extraterritoriality＂has always been a testimony to the late Qing government＇s demise and humiliation. In fact,the late Qing government attaches great importance to sovereignty. The term ＂extraterritoriality＂first appears in Chinese and expresses the meaning of territorial jurisdiction. It is the expression of this sovereignty consciousness in language vocabulary.