浅析20世纪埃及农地租佃关系的演变

The Transformation of Egypt's Tenancy System in the 20th Century

耕地是最为基本的农业生产资料,农地制度构成农业生产关系的核心要素,租佃关系是农地制度的重要内容。20世纪上半叶,埃及地权非国有化愈演愈烈,土地高度集中,农地地价高位运行。佃农被迫上缴高额地租,货币地租构成主要的地租形态,租佃关系极不稳定,佃农几乎丧失生产积极性。纳赛尔政权严禁转租土地,限制地租数额并稳定租佃关系,佃农成为耕地的实际所有者,大地产的自营倾向特别明显。萨达特政权开始修正纳赛尔的土改举措。穆巴拉克政权于1992年6月出台第96号法,放松对地产面积的限制并彻底废除纳赛尔时代的永佃制度,纳赛尔政权的土改法令几成具文;但96号法并非历史的轮回或倒退,而是时过境迁之后的理性回归。

Farmland constitutes the foremost means of agricultural production, and real es tate system is the nuclear ingredient of agricultural production relations. In the former half of 20th century, privatization of farmland system grew severe, and agricultural land concen trated extremely. Nasser regime introduced several land reforms, imposed strict restrictions on large real estates, stabled the tenancy system, controlled the agrarian cooperation socie ty, and elevated farm workers＇ pay, keeping the privatization of land tenure within limits. Sadat regime gradually reversed Nasser＇ s land reform measures; In Mubarak＇ s times, Egyptian parliament introduced the Law 96 in 1992, which loosed the restrictions on the farmland size and abolished permanent tenancy system.