基于用法的构式语法

Usage-based Construction Grammar

当下句法理论中最具争议性的概念之一就是构式的含义,并由此产生了一种新的理论范式即构式语法。然而,虽然构式语法并非一个统一的理论,但它所包含的所有研究路径都认为构式是语法的基本单位。本文关注的是构式语法中被称为＂基于用法的构式语法＂这个特定分支。在这种路径下,语法被视为浮现结构的动态网络,原则上受到语言使用一般认知过程的影响而不断变化。尽管基于用法的构式语法的网络隐喻经常在文献中被引用,但它还尚未被充分讨论。本文的目的就是对基于用法的构式语法的网络模型进行详细讨论。特别是,本文讨论构式和其他语言要素之间的5种不同类型的联接,这些联接分别介于（i）图式性构式和构例之间;（ii）构式和词位之间;（iii）构式和句法范畴之间;（iv）短语构式和小句构式之间;（v）相同类型构式之间（如及物构式和被动构式）。这些联接共同构成了该研究路径的语法总体架构。结合大量研究所提供的证据,本文寻求建立一个更加结构化的路径来对语法现象进行基于用法的分析。

One of the most hotly debated concepts of current syntactic theory is the notion of construction,which has given rise to a new theoretical paradigm known as Construction Grammar. However, Construction Grammar is not a uniform theory, but subsumes a whole family of theoretical approaches in which constructions are the basic units of grammar. This paper is concerned with a particular variety of Construction Grammar known as ＂Usage-based Construction Grammar＂. In this approach, grammar is seen as a dynamic network of emergent structures that are in principle always changing under the influence of general cognitive processes involved in language use. Although the network metaphor of Usage-based Construction Grammar is frequently invoked in the literature, it has not yet been sufficiently described. It is the purpose of this article to elaborate the network model of Usage-based Construction Grammar. Specifically,the paper considers five different types of ＂links＂ between constructions and other linguistic elements that constitute the general architecture of grammar in this approach, namely the links between（i） schematic constructions and constructs,（ii）constructions and lexemes,（iii） constructions and syntactic categories,（iv） phrasal constructions and clausal constructions, and（ v） between constructions of the same type（e.g.the transitive construction and the passive construction）. Combining evidence from a wide range of studies, the paper seeks to develop a more structured approach to the usage-based analysis of grammatical phenomena.