民国初期省级教育行政制度断裂式变迁研究

Research on the Fracture Change of Provincial Education Administrative System in the Early Republic of China

1912年,为改变各省省级教育行政各自为政的局面,中央政府受路径依赖影响,在仿照清末提学使司制度基础上颁布省教育司制度,为恢复地方教育秩序奠定了良好基础。然而,"二次革命"后,受减政主义影响,已有制度突然遭遇危机。袁世凯不仅动议"裁司设科",而且凭借权势对其进行制度安排,其目的不仅是节省财政,还有复杂的政治意图。在此过程中,教育部总长、地方教育会、地方官员等人强烈抵制裁撤省教育司,他们或极力维护教育司制度,或提出改制方案以力挽颓势。然而,在省官制做保障、袁世凯事先拉拢地方实力派、袁世凯事先任命亲信出任各省督军与民政长的格局下,全国各省顺利推行"裁司设科"。这种政治逻辑主导的断裂式制度变迁,对民初各省教育发展产生诸多负面影响。

In 1912, in order to change the situation of provincial education administrations in each province, the central govern- ment, affected by path dependence, enacted the institution of the Provincial Department of Education on the basis of the system in the late Qing Dynasty, laying a good foundation for the restoration of local education order. However, after the ＂second revo- lution＂, the existing system suddenly encountered crisis because of the effects of decentralism. Yuan Shikai not only moved to a- bolish departments, but also used institutional arrangements based on power. His purpose was not only to save money but also to have complex political intentions. In this process, people like the heads of the Ministry of Education, local education associa- tions, local officials strongly resisted the abolition of the Provincial Department of Education. They either tried to maintain the education department system or proposed a reform program to save the situation. However, under the pattern that the provincial officials produced guarantees, as Yuan drew up local powers, and he had previously appointed a confidant to serve as the gover- nor of the provinces and civil affairs chiefs, the provinces throughout the country successfully implemented the order of ＂Cutting Department and Setting up Section＂. This kind of split - system change led by political logic had had many negative impacts on the development of education in the provinces in the early Republic of China.