北疆玉米大田机械粒收质量调查

Study on Maize Mechanical Grain Harvest in Northern Xinjiang

北疆是我国玉米机械粒收率最高的区域,为了解北疆玉米大田粒收质量现状,2012-2017年在新疆奇台总场、伊犁新源71团、伊宁县和温泉县等地农户田块调查了机械粒收质量,共获得269组样本,结果表明:(1)子粒破碎率均值为6.38%,高于5%的国家标准[玉米收获机械技术条件(GB/T 21961-2008)]要求;杂质率和产量损失率均值分别为0.41%和0.96%,分别低于3%和5%的国家标准要求,子粒破碎率高是当前北疆玉米大田机械粒收存在的主要质量问题。(2)收获玉米子粒含水率均值为23.3%,其与破碎率呈显著相关,可用二次函数y=0.0263x^2-1.0433x+15.867(R^2=0.108,n=269)拟合。(3)在子粒含水率相同条件下,不同品种之间子粒破碎率表现出明显差异,其中,新引M751子粒破碎率明显低于KWS2564,而KX3564介于两者之间。(4)筛选早熟、脱水快、耐破碎品种,实施玉米密植高产全程机械化绿色生产,可以有效改善机械粒收质量,实现玉米高产高效协同。

Northern Xinjiang is the region where the rate of maize mechanical grain harvest is the highest. To understand the present situation of maize mechanical grain harvest quality in northern Xinjiang, we investigated the grain harvest quality in Qitai, Xinyuan, Yining, Wenquan cultivars etc. and obtained the harvest quality data of 269 samples. The results showed that：（1） the average grain broken rate of spring maize in northern Xinjiang was 6.38%, which was higher than the national standard of 5%. Impurity rate and yield loss rate were 0.41% and 0.96%, respectively, which were lower than the national standards of 3% and 5%. The high grain broken rate was the main problem for maize mechanical grain harvest quality in northern Xinjiang.（2） The average grain moisture content was 23.3% correlated with grain broken rate significantly fitting the equation of y=0.0263 x^2-1.0433 x ＋15.867（R^2=0.108, n =269）.（3） Grain broken rates of different cultivars were different under the condition of the same grain moisture content. Grain broken rate of Xinyin M751 was significantly lower than that KWS2564 and that was in the middle for KX3564.（4） The selection of early maturity, fast dehydration and density-tolerant cultivars combined with whole process mechanization can effectively improve the quality of mechanical grain harvest and achieve maize high yield and high efficiency.