滇南与滇西传统匠作体系中榫卯的构造技艺

Construction Technique for Traditional Mortise and Tenon Joints According to Traditional Craftmanship in Southern and Western Yunnan

在中国古代木结构建筑中,构件之间通常采用榫卯连接,通过榫头与卯口的严密卯合,将各个构件组合成一个整体构架,具有极强的抗拉抗剪力,同时体现出"墙倒屋不塌"的优越抗震性能。滇南的通海匠系和滇西的剑川匠系,是云南的两大匠作体系,地理、人文环境等都有所差异。通过对两地汉式合院民居榫卯的形式类别、加工方式及作用位置的对比梳理,总结出两地榫卯在口风和制作方法上的差异、各类榫卯的受力特点以及榫卯加工工具的独特运用。同时发掘两地匠作体系的异同特征,探讨传统建筑不同营造技艺的民间智慧,具有及其重要的研究价值。

In ancient Chinese wooden buildings, mortise and tenon joints are commonly used. Through the tenons and mortises, the individual components can be combined into a whole frame that has strong tensile and shear resistance. At the same time, these joints have excellent seismic performance whereby ＂the wall collapses but the house stands＂. The Tonghai craftsman in Yunnan and the Jianchuan craftsman in Northwest Yunnan, both of which are from different geographical and human environments, are the two greatest craftsmen systems in Yunnan. Based on comparison of the forms and categories, processing methods, and action positions, for the construction of tenon and mortise joints in traditional Chinese-style courtyard houses in these two locations, this paper summarizes differences in the production method, the stress characteristics of the various types of mortise and tenon joints, and the unique application of processing tools between the two cities. Further, this paper explores the similarities and differences in the craftsmanship systems in both places and discusses the folk wisdom of different construction techniques in traditional architecture.