改革开放四十年来的中国家庭变迁:轨迹、逻辑与趋势

Changes in China Families in the Past Forty Years of Reform and Opening-Up:Trajectory,Logic and Trend

改革开放四十年来,中国家庭发生了急遽的变迁。文章在梳理近几十年来家庭研究主要历程的基础上,利用历年《中国统计年鉴》和全国人口普查等公开数据,从五个维度剖析了家庭变迁的轨迹。研究发现,在过去四十年中,中国家庭形成正在日益向后延迟,家庭规模走向微型化,家庭结构呈现出多样化特征,家庭关系趋向民主化和平等化,但是家庭风险也日益扩大。作为家庭变迁源动力的现代化转型和国家以改造家庭生活为目的的政策干预,尤其是被严格执行的计划生育政策,对家庭变迁产生了深远的影响。家庭变迁的趋势仍然有较大争议,但不断被提及的"家庭危机"以及在社会阶层流动中不断被强化的家庭因素,提醒我们亟需重新审视国家、家庭和个人的关系,进一步完善家庭政策体系,防止因家庭政策的缺失造成家庭危机的蔓延。

Chinese families have changed significantly since the start of the reforms and opening-up in the past forty years. Based on an historical review of research on families in the past decades and the data from China Statistical Yearbooks and censuses,this paper discusses the five dimensions of the trajectory of changes in Chinese families. The author finds that the forming of family has been delayed,the scale of family has been downsized,the structure of family is becoming more diversified,and family relationships are more democratic and equal,although family-based risks are also growing. Modernization as a driving force of family changes together with the state＇s intervention in changing family life,especially the rigorous family planning policy,has a profound impact on Chinese families.There are debates about the trend of changes in families. Nevertheless,the frequently mentioned＂family crisis＂and the factor of family frequently reinforced in migration,remind us that we need to re-inspect the relationship between the state,the family and individuals,and improve the system of family policy to prevent the spread of family crisis.