耆那教碎片化问题探究

Research On the Fragmentation of Jainism

耆那教自产生之后,内部经历了多次分裂。首先是形成了天衣派和白衣派两大派别,两派的出现是多种因素综合作用的结果。这些因素主要包括:教派传播范围扩大;教义传承受到客观条件限制;公元前4世纪饥荒带来的分裂因素等。天衣派和白衣派在教义、修行实践等方面有不一致之处,对大雄有不同观点,包括:孕育中的大雄是否被转移了子宫、大雄是否结婚、大雄开始苦修和去世的时间等;是否必须裸体;食物和财物拥有规则不一致;女性能否得到解脱的观点不一致。教徒之间也有矛盾:两派常有辩论;争夺圣地和圣殿所有权;俗家信徒之间也有矛盾。然而,两派的分歧涉及的都不是根本的原则性问题。后来,天衣派和白衣派内部又各自陆续出现了一些分派,天衣派的主要分派有:巴哈塔卡、毕萨潘沙、特拉潘沙、塔拉潘沙等;白衣派的主要分派有:摩提普加卡、斯塔纳瓦西以及亚提等。派中有派,最终使得耆那教形成碎片化的状态。碎片化又反过来进一步加剧了耆那教徒之间的分歧和争论,在一定程度上体现了耆那教适应社会发展的能力,客观上便利了教义的传承。

Jainism has undergone divisions many times since its emergence. Firstly,Jainism divided into Digambara and Svetambara,which was the result of the combination of some factors concerning geographical scope of Jainism widened,doctrine inheritance determined by some objective conditions,the famine occurred in 4 th century BC. Two sects have some disagreements over the doctrines and practices,such as some points about Mahavira,"Whether Mahavira before he was born was transferred from the womb of a Brahman woman to that of a Kshatriya woman?""Whether Mahavira got married?""When did Mahavira begin ascetic life and when did Mahavira pass away?""Whether naked body was necessary or not?""some differences about the regulations of food and belongings","divergence of views about the deliverance of woman". There were some disputes among Jains of different branches: they had debates; they fought for the ownership of some sared places and temples. But there are no fundamental differences. During the medieval period and the modern times,subdivisions was appeared in both sects,such as Digambara mainly divided into bhattaraka、Bisapantha、Taranapantha and so on; Svetambara divided into Murtipujaka、Sthanakvasi and Yati; Jainism fragmented. The fragmentation had some influences over the Jainism,such as,lots of debates appeared in jains,adaptability of the Jainism demonstrated to some extent,and the inheritance of doctrines favored objectively.