1992—2012年中国居民膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪的食物来源构成及变化趋势

Trends and food sources composition of energy,protein and fat in Chinese residents,1992-2012

目的分析1992—2012年中国居民膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪的食物来源构成及变化趋势。方法以1992年的全国营养调查、2002年全国居民营养与健康状况调查和2010—2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测的膳食调查数据为基础,对中国居民膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪的来源构成进行比较。1992年调查采用分层多级整群随机抽样,膳食调查样本量为100 201人;2002年调查采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样,膳食调查样本量为68 962人;2010—2012年调查采用多阶段分层与人口成比例整群随机抽样方法,膳食调查样本量为63 993人。膳食调查均采用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法,采用面对面询问的方式,完成3天24小时膳食回顾表。采用食物称重记录法调查连续3天家庭食用油和调味品的摄入量。依据中国食物成分表计算标准人日的能量、三大营养素的摄入量和膳食结构比例。结果 1992、2002和2010—2012年中国居民平均每标准人日膳食能量摄入量分别为2328.3、2250.5和2172.1kcal,三大营养素中碳水化合物摄入量分别为378.4、321.2和300.8 g,蛋白质摄入量分别为68.0、65.9和64.5 g,脂肪摄入量分别为58.3、76.2和79.9 g。中国居民膳食能量主要来源于谷类,谷类食物供能比分别为66.8%、57.9%和53.1%。膳食能量的营养素主要来源于碳水化合物,碳水化合物供能比分别为66.2%、58.6%和55.0%,脂肪供能比分别为22.0%、29.6%和32.9%。蛋白质的食物来源主要是谷类食物,谷类食物蛋白质摄入比例分别为61.6%、52.0%和47.3%,优质蛋白质摄入比例分别为24.0%、32.6%和37.0%,脂肪的食物来源主要是植物性食物,植物性食物脂肪摄入比例分别为62.8%、60.8%和64.1%。1992、2002和2010—2012年城市和农村居民膳食能量主要来源于谷类食物,膳食能量的营养素主要来源于碳水化合物,蛋白质的食物来源主要是谷类食物,脂肪的食物来源主要是植物性食物,优质蛋白质摄入比例呈增长趋势,但城市居民2002和2010—2012年谷类食物供能比不足50%,城市居民的脂肪供能比2002年和2010—2012年高达35.0%和36.1%,农村居民优质蛋白质摄入比例不足40%。结论 1992、2002和2010—2012年中国居民、城市和农村居民的膳食构成总体上仍是以谷类和植物性食物为主。脂肪供能比过高且呈增长趋势,蛋白质平均每标准人日摄入量不足且呈下降趋势。中国居民和城市居民的能量摄入量由摄入过多下降至不足且呈下降趋势,中国居民和农村居民优质蛋白质摄入比例不足,城市居民谷类和碳水化合物供能比过低且呈下降趋势。

Objective To analyze the trends and food sources composition of energy, protein and fat in Chinese residents from 1992 to 2012. Method Based on the dietary data of the China Nutrition and Health Surveys in 1992,2002 and 2010 - 2012, to compare the food sources composition of energy, protein and fat in Chinese residents. A stratified multistage cluster random sampling was used in 1992, and the sample size was 100 201. A multistage stratified cluster random sampling survey was conducted in 2002, and the sample size was 68 962. A multi-stage stratified and population-proportional cluster random sampling method was used in 2010 - 2012, and the sample size of was 63 993. Three consecutive 24-hour recalls method and face-to-face interviews were used in three dietary surveys, and household edible oil and condiment weighing were adopted in three surveys. The dietary energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake, and the proportion of dietary pattern among the participants were analyzed based on the China Food Composition table. Results The average daily dietary energy intake in Chinese residents in 1992, 2002 and 2010 - 2012 was 2328.3, 2250.5 and 2172.1 kcai, respectively. The carbohydrate intake was 378.4, 321.2 and 300.8 g respectively, and the protein intake was 68.0, 65.9 and 64.5 g, respectively. The fat intake was 58.3, 76.2 and 79.9 g, respectively. The dietary energy in Chinese residents mainly came from cereals, and the proportion of cereals energy supply was 66. 8% , 57. 9% and 53. 1% , respectively. Dietary energy was mainly derived from carbohydrates, and the proportion of carbohydrate energy supply was 66. 2% , 58. 6% and 55.0% , respectively. The proportion of fat energy supply was 22.0% , 29.6% and 32.9% , respectively. The main food sources of protein was cereals. The proportion of protein intake in cereals was 61.6% , 52.0% and 47.3% , respectively. The proportion of high quality protein intake was 24.0% , 32.6% and 37.0% , respectively. The main food sources of fat was plant food, and the proportion of plant fat intake was 62.8% , 60.8% and 64.1% , respectively. The dietary energy in urban and rural residents in 1992, 2002 and 2010 -2012 years was mainly derived from cereals. The nutrients of dietary energy were mainly derived from carbohydrates. The food sources of protein were mainly cereals. The food sources of fat were mainly plant food, and the proportion of high quality protein intake increased. The proportion of cereals supply in 2002 and 2010 - 2012 years was less than 50%. The fat supply of urban residents was 35.0% and 36. 1% higher than that in 2002 and 2010 - 2012, and the proportion of high quality protein intake in rural residents was less than 40%. Conclusion The dietary composition in urban and rural residents in 1992, 2002 and 2010 -2012 was mainly composed of cereal and vegetable food. The proportion of energy supply from fat was very high and increased, the average dietary intake per reference man per day for protein intake was insufficient and decreased. The trend of average energy intake per reference man per day was from excessive intake to insufficient and decreased in Chinese residents and urban residents. The proportion of high quality protein intake was insufficient for the Chinese residents and rural residents. The proportion of energy supply from cereals and carbohydrate were low and decreased.