城市失忆:以北京胡同四合院的消失为例

20世纪90年代初,北京市大规模开展危房改造和旧城改造以来,北京城的传统特色建筑胡同和四合院正在大面积消失。在都市规划师那里,胡同四合院的消失引发了一种特别的文化焦虑：城市失忆。城市失忆可以放到20世纪50年代至90年代40年间的都市建筑设计话语中去理解。在探索民族形式,勤俭建设,建筑工业化,发展现代建筑以及反思建筑传统等几个阶段的建筑话语变迁中,胡同四合院被不断定义、阐释和评价。北京特色民居形式的消失是适用经济论和建筑文化论两种建筑观念角力的结果;而围绕胡同四合院出现的城市失忆,是对历史建筑进行理解时割裂其功能、技术和文化内涵的关联所造成的记忆断裂的必然后果。

Beijing hutong and siheyuan,the signature vernacular residence,have suffered from massive demolition since the start of the dilapidated housing redevelopment or the Old City redevelopment program in the early1990 s. For urban planners,the demolition gave rise to a cultural anxiety,urban amnesia. This article traces the signification of the trope of urban amnesia in the context of architectural discourse from the 1950 s to 1990 s. Locating hutong and siheyuan in several stages of the shift of architectural dis-course in this period,such as the exploration of national forms,austere construction,industrialization of construction,pursuit of modern architecture,and rethinking about the tradition,I reveal how these vernacular architectural forms are（ re） defined and（ re） evaluated quite differently. I argue that the disappearance of hutong and siheyuan is the result of the contending between economic pragmatism and architectural culturalism,and the urban amnesia aroused by the disappearance the result of memory ruptures created by understanding traditional architecture＇s function, technology, and cultural meaning disproportionately.